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While there has been an increase in the rights and visibility of LGBTIQ+ people in (most) European countries, critiques of what is denounced as instrumentalization by public policies of LGBTIQ+ issues have also developed. In this context, one can ask how to qualify the strengthened relationships between governance and activism. In this article, I propose to explore the paradoxical articulation of the multiple sites from where the cause support can be enacted. Drawing on a Geneva-based ethnographic research project, I use the concept of governance–activism nexus to reflect on the liminal position of public officials in charge of implementing equality agendas. Troubling further the insider–outsider binary divide, I argue that they act towards a discrete queering of municipal governance from the inside, through the practice of allyship in solidarity. In so doing, this article offers future research perspectives for the study of urban/regional LGBTIQ+ activism and politics, while allowing us to question our own position as critical or activist researchers in the field of feminist and queer geographies.

Funding Information: We would like to thank the members of the European STI network for their active participation in Euro-GASP: Austria: Claudia Eder, Sonja Pleininger, Alexander Indra, Steliana Huhlescu; Belgium: Irith De Baetselier, Wim Vanden Berghe; Croatia: Bla?enka Hunjak, Tatjana Nemeth Bla?i?; Cyprus: Panayiota Maikanti-Charalambous, Despo Pieridou; Czech Republic: Hana Z?kouck?, Helena ?emli?kov?; Denmark: Steen Hoffmann, Lasse Jessen Schwartz; Estonia: Rita Peetso, Jevgenia Epstein, Jelena Viktorova; France: Ndeindo Ndeikoundam, Beatrice Bercot, C?cile B?b?ar, Florence Lot; Germany: Susanne Buder, Klaus Jansen; Greece: Vivi Miriagou, Georgios Rigakos, Vasilios Raftopoulos; Hungary: Eszter Balla, M?ria Dud?s; Iceland: Lena R?s ?smundsd?ttir, Gu?r?n Sigmundsd?ttir, Gu?r?n Svanborg Hauksd?ttir, Thorolfur Gudnason; Ireland: Aoife Colgan, Brendan Crowley, Sin?ad Saab; Italy: Paola Stefanelli, Anna Carannante, Patrizia Parodi; Latvia: Gatis Pakarna, Raina Nikiforova, Antra Bormane, Elina Dimina; Luxembourg: Monique Perrin, Tamir Abdelrahman, Jo?l Mossong, Jean-Claude Schmit, Friedrich M?hlschlegel; Malta: Christopher Barbara, Francesca Mifsud; the Netherlands: Alje Van Dam, Birgit Van Benthem, Maartje Visser, Ineke Linde; Norway: Hilde Kl?vstad, Dominique Caugant; Poland: Beata M?ynarczyk-Bonikowska; Portugal: Jacinta Azevedo, Maria-Jos? Borrego, Marina Lurdes Ramos Nascimento; Slovak Republic: Peter Pavlik; Slovenia: Irena Klavs, Andreja Murnik, Samo Jeverica, Sandra Kosmac, Tanja Kustec; Spain: Julio V?zquez Moreno, Asuncion Diaz, Raquel Abad; Sweden: Inga Velicko, Magnus Unemo; United Kingdom: Gwenda Hughes, Jill Shepherd, Lynsey Patterson. Publisher Copyright: © 2021, The Author(s). ; BACKGROUND: The emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Neisseria gonorrhoeae, nationally and internationally, is a serious threat to the management and control of gonorrhoea. Limited and conflicting data regarding the epidemiological drivers of gonococcal AMR internationally have been published. We examined the antimicrobial susceptibility/resistance of gonococcal isolates (n = 15,803) collected across 27 European Union/European Economic Area (EU/EEA) countries in 2009-2016, in conjunction to epidemiological and clinical data of the corresponding patients, to elucidate associations between antimicrobial susceptibility/resistance and patients' gender, sexual orientation and anatomical site of infection. METHODS: In total, 15,803 N. gonorrhoeae isolates from the European Gonococcal Antimicrobial Surveillance Programme (Euro-GASP), 2009-2016, were examined. Associations between gonococcal susceptibility/resistance and patients' gender, sexual orientation and anatomical site of infection were investigated using univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis. Statistical significance was determined by Pearson χ 2-test or Fisher's exact test with two-tailed p-values of < 0.05 indicating significance. RESULTS: The overall gonococcal resistance from 2009 to 2016 was 51.7% (range during the years: 46.5-63.5%), 7.1% (4.5-13.2%), 4.3% (1.8-8.7%), and 0.2% (0.0-0.5%) to ciprofloxacin, azithromycin, cefixime, and ceftriaxone, respectively. The level of resistance combined with decreased susceptibility to ceftriaxone was 10.2% (5.7-15.5%). Resistance to cefixime and ciprofloxacin, and resistance combined with decreased susceptibility to ceftriaxone were positively associated with urogenital infections and heterosexual males, males with sexual orientation not reported and females (except for ciprofloxacin), i.e. when compared to men-who-have-sex-with-men (MSM). Azithromycin resistance was positively associated with heterosexual males, but no association was significant regarding anatomical site of infection. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, sexual orientation was the main variable associated with gonococcal AMR. Strongest positive associations were identified with heterosexual patients, particularly males, and not MSM. To provide evidence-based understanding and mitigate gonococcal AMR emergence and spread, associations between antimicrobial susceptibility/resistance and patients' gender, sexual orientation and anatomical site of infection need to be further investigated in different geographic settings. In general, these insights will support identification of groups at increased risk and targeted public health actions such as intensified screening, 3-site testing using molecular diagnostics, sexual contact tracing, and surveillance of treatment failures. ; Peer reviewed

Obwohl gleichgeschlechtliche Partnerschaften einen enormen Zuwachs an gesellschaftlicher und rechtlicher Anerkennung erfahren haben, ist das empirisch gesicherte Wissen über ihre Verbreitung weiterhin gering. Der vorliegende Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit der Entwicklung gleichgeschlechtlicher Partnerschaften in Westdeutschland seit Beginn der 1970er-Jahre. Auf Basis des Mikrozensus werden gleichgeschlechtliche Partnerschaften im gemeinsamen Haushalt – teilweise mit Hilfe eines Schätzverfahrens – nicht nur im Zeitverlauf, sondern erstmals auch im Lebensverlauf von Kohorten betrachtet. Theoretisch wird argumentiert, dass die Wahl eines gleichgeschlechtlichen Partners nicht allein von der sexuellen Orientierung, sondern auch von sozialen und strukturellen Rahmenbedingungen abhängt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass der Anteil gleichgeschlechtlicher Partnerschaften im Zeitverlauf kontinuierlich ansteigt. Dieser Anstieg ist auf einen Kohorteneffekt zurückzuführen und zeigt sich für beide Geschlechter, fällt bei Männern allerdings stärker aus.

Upon arrival to Europe, young migrants are found grappling with new language demands, cultural expectations, values, and beliefs that may differ from global youth culture and their country of origin. This process of coming-of-age while on-the-move is increasingly digitally mediated. Young migrants are "connected migrants", using smart phones and social media to maintain bonding ties with their home country while establishing new bridging relationships with peers in their country of arrival (Diminescu, 2008). Drawing on the feminist perspective of intersectionality which alerts us socio-cultural categories like age, race, nationality, migration status, gender and sexuality impact upon identification and subordination, we contend it is problematic to homogenize these experiences to all gay young adult migrants. The realities of settlement and integration starkly differ between desired migrants -such as elite expatriates and heterosexuals – and those living on the margins of Europe- forced migrants and lesbian, gay, trans, queer and intersex (LGBTQI) migrants. Drawing on 11 in-depth interviews conducted in Amsterdam, the Netherlands with gay young adult forced and voluntary migrants, this paper aims to understand how sexual identification in tandem with bonding and bridging social capital diverge and converge between the two groups all while considering the interplay between their online and offline entanglements of their worlds.

Background:North Tijuana, Mexico is home to many individuals at high risk for transmitting and acquiring human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Recently, policy shifts by local government impacted how these individuals were handled by authorities. Here we examined how this affected regional HIV transmission dynamics. Methods:HIV pol sequences and associated demographic information were collected from 8 research studies enrolling persons in Tijuana and were used to infer viral transmission patterns. To evaluate the impact of recent policy changes on HIV transmission dynamics, qualitative interviews were performed on a subset of recently infected individuals. Results:Between 2004 and 2016, 288 unique HIV pol sequences were obtained from individuals in Tijuana, including 46.4% from men who have sex with men, 42.1% from individuals reporting transactional sex, and 27.8% from persons who inject drugs (some individuals had >1 risk factor). Forty-two percent of sequences linked to at least 1 other sequence, forming 37 transmission clusters. Thirty-two individuals seroconverted during the observation period, including 8 between April and July 2016. Three of these individuals were putatively linked together. Qualitative interviews suggested changes in policing led individuals to shift locations of residence and injection drug use, leading to increased risk taking (eg, sharing needles). Conclusions:Near real-time molecular epidemiologic analyses identified a cluster of linked transmissions temporally associated with policy shifts. Interviews suggested these shifts may have led to increased risk taking among individuals at high risk for HIV acquisition. With all public policy shifts, downstream impacts need to be carefully considered, as even well-intentioned policies can have major public health consequences.

Background:North Tijuana, Mexico is home to many individuals at high risk for transmitting and acquiring human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Recently, policy shifts by local government impacted how these individuals were handled by authorities. Here we examined how this affected regional HIV transmission dynamics. Methods:HIV pol sequences and associated demographic information were collected from 8 research studies enrolling persons in Tijuana and were used to infer viral transmission patterns. To evaluate the impact of recent policy changes on HIV transmission dynamics, qualitative interviews were performed on a subset of recently infected individuals. Results:Between 2004 and 2016, 288 unique HIV pol sequences were obtained from individuals in Tijuana, including 46.4% from men who have sex with men, 42.1% from individuals reporting transactional sex, and 27.8% from persons who inject drugs (some individuals had >1 risk factor). Forty-two percent of sequences linked to at least 1 other sequence, forming 37 transmission clusters. Thirty-two individuals seroconverted during the observation period, including 8 between April and July 2016. Three of these individuals were putatively linked together. Qualitative interviews suggested changes in policing led individuals to shift locations of residence and injection drug use, leading to increased risk taking (eg, sharing needles). Conclusions:Near real-time molecular epidemiologic analyses identified a cluster of linked transmissions temporally associated with policy shifts. Interviews suggested these shifts may have led to increased risk taking among individuals at high risk for HIV acquisition. With all public policy shifts, downstream impacts need to be carefully considered, as even well-intentioned policies can have major public health consequences.

"In 2006 the German Robert Koch Institute conducted the KABaSTI study, a national cross-sectional survey on knowledge, attitudes, and behaviour related to sexually transmitted infections among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Germany. Within the context of the study, a two-day workshop was organized with social scientists and epidemiologists from Australia, Belgium, Canada, France, Germany, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and the United States to engage in an open dialog about the latest trends in sexual risk behaviour in MSM populations. Participants presented recent data on risk management strategies among MSM beyond consistent condom use, MSM communication of HIV status related to sexual risk taking, the effects of HIV-related serosorting on the incidence of other sexually transmitted infections, trends in HIV testing, the uses of online HIV data in surveillance, and the consequences of early HIV diagnosis and therapy on subsequent sexual risk behaviour." (author's abstract)

La presente tesis doctoral persigue dos objetivos fundamentales. El primero se dirige a analizar la protección por maternidad y paternidad en nuestro Ordenamiento Jurídico desde sus inicios y hasta la actualidad, desde una perspectiva de género, para comprobar si dicha protección es dispensada por igual a hombres y mujeres, así como verificar en qué medida fomenta la corresponsabilidad entre unos y otras en los cuidados de los hijos e hijas y otros familiares. Asimismo, se analizan las medidas de conciliación para comprobar si estas perpetúan los roles de género en la crianza. Por su parte, el segundo objetivo persigue aportar soluciones a la problemática que plantea una legislación que no propicia la corresponsabilidad. Para el desarrollo de la investigación se utilizan diferentes metodologías, fundamentalmente la metodología jurídica, al constituir objeto prioritario de estudio la normativa estatal en materia laboral y de seguridad social, jurisprudencia y doctrina judicial, convenios colectivos, planes de igualdad, y estudios de la doctrina científica –fundamentalmente del ámbito jurídico-laboral-, recogidos en obras monográficas, libros colectivos y revistas científicas. También se analizan estadísticas, informes, y estudios elaborados por organismos oficiales. En el permiso por maternidad biológica, la titularidad del derecho es femenina, teniendo la finalidad de facilitar la recuperación física de la mujer trabajadora tras el embarazo, el parto y el puerperio, así como hacer posible la atención a la criatura recién nacida; por ello, atribuir la titularidad del permiso a la madre, más allá de las seis semanas de descanso obligatorias tras el parto, fomenta el rol de la mujer como cuidadora. Se comprueba que, aunque el padre puede acceder al disfrute del permiso en algunos supuestos, esta opción como medida de conciliación paterna tiene un uso escaso en la práctica, ni siquiera en el supuesto de adopción o acogimiento donde la titularidad del permiso es de ambos progenitores; concretamente, la participación masculina en la prestación por maternidad en el año 2015 fue de un 1,87%. Para la implicación del padre en la crianza, se ha establecido el permiso por paternidad. Su titularidad difiere según se trate de paternidad biológica o por adopción. En el primer supuesto dicha titularidad queda atribuida al padre, o al otro progenitor en uniones formadas por dos mujeres (en este caso el acceso materno al permiso es inexistente); por su parte, en caso de paternidad por adopción o acogimiento, la titularidad es de ambos progenitores. Su tasa de disfrute es superior al 80%, lo que evidencia que los hombres españoles responden mejor a los permisos de los que son titulares. Tras analizar los permisos por maternidad y paternidad, las medidas de conciliación, y la situación de la que partimos –el concepto de maternidad y paternidad para la ciudadanía, la baja tasa de natalidad, la discriminación laboral de las mujeres a consecuencia de la maternidad y la incidencia de esta en sus pensiones-, se evidencia la necesidad de mejorar las actuales políticas de conciliación. A tal efecto, se proponen en este trabajo unas soluciones con perspectiva de género, entre ellas, una propuesta de permisos por maternidad y paternidad iguales e intransferibles para ambos progenitores y la creación de un permiso parental. Finalmente, se concluye que tras las diferencias legales detectadas entre el permiso por maternidad y paternidad, y la falta de voluntad política para implantar en España un sistema de permisos parentales iguales e intransferibles para ambos progenitores, se oculta la división sexual de los cuidados y la persistencia de los roles de género. No cabe duda de que todo ello perpetúa la desigualdad por razón de sexo, a pesar de ser España un Estado de derecho pionero en legislación igualitaria, como la Ley de Igualdad y la Ley que autorizó el matrimonio entre personas del mismo sexo y que también permitió la adopción por parejas homosexuales. This thesis has two main objectives. The first is aimed at analyzing the protection maternity and paternity in our legal system since its inception and until today, from a gender perspective, to check if such protection is dispensed equally to men and women, as well as verify to what extent it promotes shared responsibility between each other in the care of children and other relatives. In addition, reconciliation measures are analyzed to see if these perpetuate gender roles in the rising children. Meanwhile, the second objective pursues to provide solutions to the problems posed by legislation that does not encourage responsibility. For the development of this research, different methodologies have been used, mainly legal methodology, to be a priority object of study the State regulations in labor and social security matters, jurisprudence and judicial doctrine, collective agreements, equality plans, and studies of scientific doctrine -mainly in the legal and labor areas, which they have been collected in monographic works, collective works and scientific journals. Statistics, reports, and studies produced by official agencies are also analyzed. In the license for biological maternity, the ownership of the license is feminine, in order to facilitate physical recuperation of women workers after pregnancy, childbirth and the postpartum period as well as make possible the attention to the newborn child; for that reason, allow the ownership of the license to the mother, beyond the six weeks of obligatory rest after childbirth, promotes the role of women as caregivers. It is checked that, although the father could access the enjoyment of the license in some cases, this option, as a measure of parental conciliation, has little use in the practice, not even in the case of adoption or foster care where the ownership of the license is of both parents; Specifically, male participation in maternity benefits in 2015 was 1.87%. For parent involvement in raising it has been established paternity leave. The ownership is different according to whether the paternity is biological or it is an adoption. In the first case such ownership is attributed to the father or the other progenitor in unions formed by two women (in this case the mother's access permission is nonexistent); for its part, in case of paternity by adoption or foster care, ownership is from both progenitors. Its rate of enjoyment is over 80%, evidencing that Spanish men respond better to the permissions that they are holders. After analyzing the maternity and paternity leave, the conciliation measures and the situation that we depart-the concept of motherhood and fatherhood for citizenship, the low birth rate, the employment discrimination against women as a result of motherhood and the impact of this in their pensions-, we evidence the necessity to improve the current policies of conciliation. For this purpose, some solutions with a gender perspective are proposed in this work, between them a proposal for maternity and paternity leaves equal and non-transferable for both parents and the creation of paternity leave. Finally, it is concluded that after legal differences detected between maternity leave and paternity leave, and the absence of political will for implementing in Spain a system of equal and non-transferable parental leave for both parents, it hides the sexual division of cares and the persistence of the gender roles. There is no doubt that all of this perpetuates inequality based on sex, although Spain is a pioneer state of law in equality legislation, as the Equality Law and the law which authorized same-sex marriage and also allowed the adoption by homosexual couples.

Woran machen Asylrichter*innen fest, ob Geflüchtete »wirklich« schwul oder lesbisch sind? Wer hat die Macht zu definieren, was Homosexualität bedeutet und unter welchen Umständen sie im Sinne des Flüchtlingsrechts schutzwürdig ist? Katharina Schoenes geht diesen Fragen aus der Perspektive der Gender und Queer Studies sowie der Rassismusforschung nach. Dabei rekonstruiert sie das in Asylentscheidungen verwendete Wissen und ordnet es historisch ein. Dies verschafft Einblicke in die bislang kaum erforschten Erfahrungen und Sichtweisen von Asylrichter*innen - und leistet einen wichtigen Beitrag zur Rechtssoziologie

Der vorliegende Beitrag ist den Fan Studies zuzuordnen und beschäftigt sich mit der Darstellung von deutschsprachiger Fanfiction. Dabei wird sich spezifisch mit einem besonders populären Genre innerhalb der Fanfiction beschäftigt, mit sogenannten Slash-Geschichten. Slash ist ein Phänomen, bei dem sich von den Laienautor*innen zwei ursprünglich heterosexuelle Figuren aus einem fremden Original ausgeliehen werden. Wesentlich ist dabei, dass sich die Sexualität der Figuren verändert und neue Geschichten rund um ein homosexuelles Pärchen entstehen. Anhand des beliebten Fandoms Harry Potter wird sich mithilfe der standardisierten Inhaltsanalyse den vielfältigen Aspekten von Slash gewidmet. Ferner wird aufgezeigt, welchen Stellenwert Erotik bei diesen Geschichten einnimmt. Dies ist vor allem interessant, da vorangegangene Forschungen zeigen, dass Fanfiction und ihre Online-Plattformen entgegen den Mainstream-Medien fest in weiblicher und queerer Hand sind.

Frontmatter -- Inhalt -- Vorwort -- Einleitung -- Teil I: Eine Krankheit der Anderen (1981-1986) -- 1 Anfänge (1981-1983) -- 2 Das HI-Virus und seine Folgen (1984/85) -- 3 Ein liberaler Aidskonsens (1985/86) -- Teil II: Ausnahmezustand (1987-1989) -- 4 Gesellschaftspolitische Konflikte um die Aidsprävention -- 5 Die Praxis der liberalen Aidsprävention -- Teil III: Normalisierung und drogenpolitischer Wandel (1989-1995) -- 6 Normalität statt Ausnahme. HIV/Aids in den 1990er Jahren -- 7 Aidsaktivismus und die Schwulenbewegung (1988-1992) -- 8 Der Wandel der Drogenpolitik in Frankfurt a.M. (1989-1995) -- Fazit -- Quellen- und Literaturverzeichnis -- Abkürzungsverzeichnis