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In recent months, Israeli officials have gotten into the habit of equating Hamas with ISIS. This framing has obvious benefits for Israel, which hopes to garner global sympathy by comparing its enemy to a group widely viewed as the pinnacle of early 21st century evil.But it also leads to a thorny question. If Hamas is indeed as bad as the Islamic State, then why should its leaders continue to find shelter in multiple Arab states?In the case of Qatar, where Hamas's political leaders have been based since 2012, the answer is pragmatic. Israel needs a reliable mediator in order to reach a deal for the return of Hamas-held hostages. Doha has already shown its worth by facilitating talks that secured the release of 105 hostages during a week-long ceasefire in November.But that arrangement may have an expiration date. Israeli security officials have threatened to kill Hamas leaders wherever they are, even if that means an attack on Qatari soil. More moderate Israeli voices argue that Doha's arrangement with Hamas simply can't last."The United States and Israel still need to lean on Doha to use its leverage with Hamas to achieve some essential wins — even if Qatar must ultimately cut ties with the organization," Yoel Guzansky, a former Israeli security official, recently wrote in Foreign Affairs.As wars rage in Gaza and Ukraine, neutral states are coming under increasing pressure to pick a side. Switzerland, once thought of as the prototypical global referee, has joined sanctions on the Kremlin and even closed its airspace to Russian planes. Finland has joined the NATO alliance, and Sweden could follow suit by the summer. Qatar — long seen as the ideal Israel-Hamas mediator — may soon have to pick between its American patron and the Palestinian militant group.This is natural to some extent. When it comes to neutrality, war is where the proverbial rubber hits the road. Belligerents almost always view their conflict in terms of true good vs. total evil, a framing that neutral states call into question by their very existence."Under just war theory, neutrality is not possible," said Pascal Lottaz, a professor at Kyoto University and an expert on neutrality. "Whenever good fights evil, not fighting evil is equal to being evil."Yet war-fighting states have long leaned on neutrals as mediators, especially when military force shows limited chances of success. So what happens if the neutrals disappear?Switzerland by any other nameIn some ways, Qatar came upon neutrality by accident. The tiny Gulf state was seen as a Saudi dependent until the mid-1990s, when it embarked on an ambitious plan to protect its security by making friends with just about every other country in its fractious region. A few years into this project, Doha realized that it now had a significant competitive advantage. "It allowed them to be strategically positioned to act as a conduit between actors that didn't otherwise talk to each other," said Mehran Kamrava, a professor of government at Georgetown University Qatar. Pragmatic as they are, Qatari officials played to their strengths and started to pitch themselves as an Arab Switzerland. By the late 2000s, Doha had already mediated major peace talks in Chad, Sudan, and Yemen. Despite crises stemming from the Arab Spring and a later spat with its Gulf neighbors, Qatar's reputation for neutrality has stuck. Its diplomats have led high-profile talks between the U.S. and its most bitter enemies and even helped secure the release of Ukrainian children taken to Russia. Of course, Doha isn't neutral in the traditional sense. For states like Switzerland and Austria, neutrality is a formal commitment to stay out of the fighting that allows them to preserve their security without going to war, according to Lottaz. The arrangement is passive: If you don't mess with me, then I won't mess with you. Qatar's version of neutrality is both less formal and more ambitious. Like traditional neutrals, Doha's primary goal is to stay out of danger in a conflict-prone region. But a second key objective is to raise Qatar's profile such that the tiny state can have an influence over major geopolitical disputes without losing its independence. This helps explain why Qatar's highest officials often participate directly in mediation. When Hezbollah threatened to tank negotiations during a Lebanese political crisis in 2009, the emir personally called Syrian leader Bashar al-Assad and asked him to pressure his ally to break the deadlock. This type of neutrality relies on a stream of diplomatic fictions. Yes, Qatar has a major U.S. military base on its territory, but that doesn't make it a member of the Western bloc. Yes, Qatar hosted Taliban leaders, but that doesn't make it an Islamist ally. In a black and white world, Doha is infuriatingly gray. In practice, Qatar takes every chance it gets to build geopolitical leverage, backstopped by the country's seemingly endless supply of liquid natural gas. This brings us to Doha's relationship with Hamas. Qatari officials say they invited Hamas's political leaders to Doha in 2012 at the behest of the Obama administration, shortly after the militant group fled from Syria amid tensions with Assad. (The earliest Hamas-Doha ties date to 2006, when the Bush administration asked Qatar to open communication channels with the group.) Qatar jumped at the opportunity to both improve ties with the U.S. and improve its competitive advantage as a mediator. But that wasn't enough to shield the Gulf state from criticism after the Oct. 7 attacks. U.S. officials undermined Qatar in the days following the attack by pulling out of a Doha-mediated deal through which Iran got access to billions of dollars in frozen assets following a U.S.-Iran prisoner swap. Hawkish voices in Congress and the American press also leaped to condemn Doha for supporting Hamas, using as evidence Qatar's policy of paying civil servants in Gaza (with Israel's approval). Andreas Krieg, a security studies professor at King's College London, says this is mostly bluster. He describes the rhetorical pressure on Qatar as little more than a "circus in Washington to be seen as being supportive of Israel no matter what." The U.S., Krieg says, has not taken any concrete steps to pressure Qatar on this front. Rather, Washington has given Doha extra leeway to pursue talks. And even if Hamas is somehow destroyed by the war, Qatar will be a prime candidate to mediate with whatever new Islamist movement takes its place, Krieg argues. Only time will tell. Qatari neutrality could face a deep crisis if Israel follows through on its pledge to hunt down Hamas leaders "in every location." But Qatar is nothing if not pragmatic, and Kamrava of Georgetown predicts that Doha's leadership would gladly assent to kicking out Hamas leaders if it meant strengthening ties with the U.S., the most powerful state over which it has significant leverage.The question we're left with is whether this is good for America. Mohamad Bazzi of New York University argues that it's not. "[I]t would be a mistake to force Hamas leaders out of Qatar," Bazzi wrote in a recent op-ed. "[T]hey would probably go to Iran, Lebanon or Syria – and Israel, the US and Europe would have a harder time negotiating with them indirectly." In other words, kicking Hamas out of Qatar would likely make one of the world's most complex conflicts that much more intractable.Cold wars and hot peaceQatar's problems are a microcosm of trends playing out across the world today. The UAE and Turkey have brokered major deals between Russia and Ukraine — deals that less independent states could never have pulled off — and the West have largely repaid them with sanctions and condemnation. To some extent, it should come as little surprise that powerful states balk at neutrality. "It's usually the stronger party of the two belligerents that will put more pressure on the neutrals," Lottaz said. "The weaker one, the one that has more to lose, usually has more to gain from keeping others neutral." He points to the Ukraine conflict as a case in point. The U.S. and its allies condemn neutrality toward the war both on moral grounds and because they see their side as stronger. Russia, for its part, knows that it can benefit more from states remaining neutral than it ever could from its allies voicing their support for Russian policy. Some states have managed to dodge angry powers by keeping a low profile, as in the case of Oman, a rarely mentioned Gulf state that played a crucial role in the talks leading up to the Iran nuclear deal in 2015. But quieter neutrals are not exactly quick to get involved in intractable conflicts that don't affect their vital interests, leaving them outside of most issues entirely. Qatar, by contrast, seems to revel in the chance to take on well-known conflicts, even when — as in Israel-Palestine — the chances of success are limited. Neutral states, Lottaz reminds us, are intimately involved in the causes they mediate. To the extent that Doha views its mediator image as crucial for its security, it will aggressively seek out leverage points in every conflict it can. This worked reasonably well when the U.S. was the only true great power on the world stage. But aggressive neutrality is a tougher sell today as Washington has come to view its ties with both Moscow and Beijing in increasingly zero-sum terms. The dawn of a new cold war has given states some room to balance these powers against each other, but the space for forceful independence — especially for smaller states like Qatar — has begun to shrink. A few hot wars have certainly not helped. So is neutrality dying? It's tough to say for sure. But it's hard to shake the feeling that powerful states will miss it when it's gone.
The Problem setting. Due to the rapid development of digital technologies, the issue of status settlement and the use of artificial intelligence technologies is especially relevant. This fact indicates the need and importance of finding answers to the question and aims to intensify and unite the efforts of the scientific community to address relevant issues. One of the areas of scientific research is the doctrinal development of new phenomena and processes that have arisen and are taking place in the state and legal sphere under the influence of digitalization of economics, management and law. The tasks of scientific research are to comprehend the impact of the digitization process on the state and legal sphere of society; law as such; assessment of the transformations that are taking place and identification of trends in their dynamics; forecasting the state of these phenomena in the future; formulation of fundamental and applied problems of legal science in terms of doctrinal development of the laws of development and functioning of law, state and legal sphere of society in the conditions of digital reality, determination of approaches to their solution.
Recent research and publications analysis. An analysis of recent research and publications shows that scientific research on this issue is carried out mainly within the economic, political, computer, legal sciences, although the problems and prospects of digitization of law require a deep and thorough philosophical, including philosophical and legal understanding. The rapid development of new technologies, in particular artificial intelligence technologies, the Internet of Things, cloud technologies, etc., is contributing to changes in current legislation. Today, advanced economies are already pondering the question of regulating the status and use of AI technologies. While these are only the first bold steps, in the future, all of these can affect global changes in the legal system - perhaps full-fledged comprehensive institutions of law, even the branches of law.
Paper objectiv. The purpose of this article is a philosophical and legal understanding of the impact of digitalization on the state and legal sphere of society and law as such.
Paper main body. One of the practical aspects of digitalization is the manifestation of the state's ability to provide various services. If necessary, citizens receive certificates, records, statements, responses to electronic inquiries, electronic payments. Other practical aspects, provided that these technologies are used wisely, can improve welfare in education, public safety, and health. In addition, digital imaging can also help address common global issues, such as climate change and greater access to health care and mobility.
At the same time, according to many researchers, along with the benefits of digital technologies, including artificial intelligence, new types of ethical issues are being raised, namely compliance with legal ethics standards by artificial intelligence systems and justice, the most important of which are respect for human rights and democratic values. , as well as the danger of transferring prejudices from the analog to the digital world. Researchers have linked the legal challenges of using artificial intelligence technologies in legal practice to a number of issues. In particular, with such as: ensuring data confidentiality; access to confidential law enforcement information; lack of regulatory framework for the use of artificial intelligence systems in legal practice; protection of intellectual property; risk assessment of the use of artificial intelligence systems by a lawyer when working with a client; other potential problems of lawyer's liability; dangers of unauthorized access and modification of artificial intelligence systems by attackers; damage to artificial intelligence systems by malicious virus programs; violation of the terms of providing advice from artificial intelligence systems in case of technical problems, etc. Therefore, the development of systems that transparently use artificial intelligence and are responsible for their results is critical. Artificial intelligence systems must function properly and safely.
According to experts, the unresolved in Ukraine of many political and legal issues related to the rapid development of the information and communication sphere with the advent of digital technologies has become dangerous. It is obvious that the transformations in society associated with these processes require new approaches to the development of national policies for the digitalization of society, which should be based on international agreements. Due to these transformations, there is a need to develop strategic documents that will regulate this area. These documents should be flexible and designed to take into account the maximum amount of data, as well as ensure the free development of innovative technologies and prevent possible risks.
Issues of development of the digital economy and society of Ukraine do not fully meet today's conditions, not enough account is taken of the transformations that have emerged and are currently taking place both in law and in the field of legal regulation under the influence of digitalization. Digital technologies are able to change the image of law, to influence its regulatory potential and efficiency, to open the way or to block its action in new dimensions of social reality. Traditional rather than digital vision of law, legal technologies and certain types of legal activity by legislators is a consequence of the lack of relevant scientific developments that will identify and explain the impact of the digitization process on the law and the legal sphere of society. The practical need for this kind of research is now greater than ever. In order to satisfy it, scientists should intensify work in this direction.
Conclusions of the research. The new digital reality puts forward new requirements for legal science and legal practice, including the development of effective tools and models of legal regulation of various spheres of public life. In modern conditions, law becomes not only a means, a tool that provides digitalization of the economy, government and other segments of social life, but also the object of digitalization. With the development of digital technologies, the contradiction between the need for quality both in terms of form and content of regulations, as well as the ability to meet it in a short time. The task of the state is both to provide favorable conditions conducive to digitalization and to create opportunities for their implementation.
Persuasive, immersive and attention-grabbing elements of technology and personalised marketing content are widely embedded in interactive online marketing to engage and persuade usersto engage in more online interaction and transactions. This has the potential to pose a risk of excessive and obsessive use of technology, leading to behavioural addiction. Similarly, Internet gambling enables 24/7 accessibility, personalised and persuasive elements for marketing purposes, the capability of immersive and rewarding betting experience, enhanced privacy to facilitate perceived escape from the real world, and ease of transactions, which may potentially create an environment where individuals are more likely to chase losses and lose control. Evidence suggests Internet gambling is associated with higher risk of problematic gambling and gambling-related harm compared to landbased gambling (Effertz et al., 2018; Kairouz et al., 2012; Papineau et al., 2018; Wu et al., 2014). Gambling operators and governments have developed and implemented programs and policies (e.g., age restriction policy, deposit limit tools, self-exclusion programs) designed to promote Responsible Gambling (RG) and minimise gambling-related harm. Responsible and safer gambling is naturally associated with transparency. Transparency, as defined in this review, involves providing a customer with explicit information about chance of winning as well as other types of information that is shared by gambling operators. At the heart of RG efforts is informed decision making. The principle is to help individuals make informed choice by providing them with transparency in games and promotion materials. However, there is a distinct lack of consensus on what transparency should involve in RG practices, and no prior research has aimed at reviewing transparency in RG practices systematically. Informed by our narrative review of transparency in persuasive technology, immersive technology and online marketing (Wang et al., 2021) all of which are closely associated with the online gambling world, we advocate that RG-driven transparency involves multiple aspects such as user autonomy, system explainability and transparency in advertising. We consider transparency and explainability (or accountability) as an indivisible whole that promotes RG by facilitating communication and understanding of information for individuals to make informed choices. In the present research, we conducted a systematic review of literature in the RG domain using narrative synthesis to examine evidence relating to transparency in current RG practices in the gambling industry. This review did not intend to examine the effectiveness of specific RG tools or strategies or provide prescriptive legislative and corporate guidelines; instead, we focused on the fundamental aspects of transparency that should be considered and practised by industry for the benefit of individuals who gamble. In this review, we found that transparency issues have rarely been explored. Using sources from database searching, handsearching and grey literature, we included all types of articles (i.e., qualitative studies, quantitative studies, literature review, and position articles) in this review. Most empirical studies were focused on effectiveness of a specific RG tool or intervention; most review or position articles did not directly explore transparency issues or only involved specific aspects of transparency; and no systematic or non-systematic reviews of transparency in RG practices were found. Through this review, we conceptualised RG-driven transparency by categorising it into seven themes involved in or implied by the existing literature for a better understanding of what constitutes RGdriven transparency in games and promotion materials. These themes are Transparency of Information and Education for Safer Gambling (including fairness of games and gamblers' fallacy, potential risks and negative consequences, safer gambling cognition and behaviour, boundary between gaming and gambling), Transparency of RG Tools (including availability and accessibility of RG tools, effectiveness of RG tools, personalisation of RG strategies), Transparency of Data-driven Approaches and Persuasive Technologies (including purposes and benefits of using personal data, data usage and privacy protection, individual autonomy, algorithmic transparency, trade-off determination), Transparency in Advertising, Transparency of Corporate Social Responsibility and Individual Responsibility (including division of responsibility, gambling policy and staff training, CSR reporting and assessment), Transparency of Research Evidence and Funding Sources, and Design Considerations for Improving Transparency. We provided stakeholders (including gambling operators, regulators, researchers and individuals who gamble) with a checklist of recommendations for best practices in RG-driven transparency according to this review. In practice, all stakeholders should collaborate to facilitate individuals to make informed choices and achieve the objectives of responsible and safer gambling, as improving transparency requires effort from multiple parties. For example, using online gambling behaviour data for the purpose of promoting safer gambling and minimising gambling-related harm is highly promising. In order to provide interpretable information about models and algorithms used for individuals who will be affected or benefit from them, the gambling industry needs transparency and explainability of these models and algorithms from professionals and researchers in the first place. Professionals from multidisciplinary backgrounds such as Psychology, Computer science and HCI should collaborate to design the online RG information, RG tools and interventions in a way that can facilitate long-term sustainable positive behaviour change. Persuasive technologies to benefit users' positive, heathy behaviour change are usually designed and implemented in a short time period, however, both iterative design methods and longitudinal studies are necessary to ensure such technologies with the intervention strategies are supported by psychological theories and empirical studies to have actual benefits with minimised risks such as privacy issues and behavioural addiction. Future research is required to empirically validate the checklist of recommendations for improving RG-driven transparency and to address the trade-off issues related to transparency (e.g., how to balance transparency with user experience requirements or the good intent of persuasive technologies and RG interventions). Furthermore, more practicalities and detailed guidelines for gambling operators on how to embed RG-driven transparency into games and promotion materials are required with efforts from multiple stakeholders in future.
The world is undergoing times of radical change. The last few decades have witnessed economical, political and social changes as a result of the installation and deployment of new information and communications technologies. Venezuelan researcher Carlota Perez, in her globally recognized book "Technological Revolutions and Financial Capital: Dynamics of Bubbles and Golden Ages", (Edward Elgar, 2002), shows how humanity has developed in cycles of about half a century based on the emergence of new technological vectors. According to Perez, the world has witnessed five such technological revolutions since the "Industrial Revolution", which have been responsible for the growth and transformation of the world economy along the last 240 years. Carlota Perez also argues that, in each of them, new technologies boosted a deep change in organizational strategies, management practices and occupational and social behaviors to successfully take advantage of the opportunities that each one of them offered. These changes were of such a profound significance that, in each occasion, they drove a total transformation of the nature and content of individual attitudes and behaviors, not only in the workplace but also in all areas of human activity; social, communitarian even personal. A change of such wide implications, that Perez has called the new techno-economic paradigm "a change of common sense". This previous foreword is important to put in perspective the present moment along the evolution of the current Revolution of Information and Telecommunications; a transformation process that the world has been undergoing since the beginning of the popularization of the personal computer and more intensely since the birth of the Internet. A process that, as any viral diffusion, begins in the thoughts and actions of pioneering minds who, be it by visioning capacity or acute intuitive sensibility, are capable of recognizing, adopting, demonstrating and diffusing the development opportunities associated with the new technological vector and with the changes in thinking and behaving that they demand. ; El mundo entero vive momentos de cambio radical. Desde hace varias décadas se producen cambios económicos, políticos y sociales derivados de la instalación y el despliegue de nuevas tecnologías microelectrónicas, especialmente las tecnologías de la información y las telecomunicaciones. La investigadora venezolana Carlota Pérez, en su globalmente reconocido libro "Revoluciones Tecnológicas y Capital Financiero: Dinámica de las Burbujas y las Edades Doradas", (Edward Elgar, 2002), demuestra como hecho histórico que la humanidad se ha desarrollado en ciclos de alrededor de medio siglo a partir del surgimiento de nuevos vectores tecnológicos. Según Pérez, son cinco las revoluciones tecnológicas, reconocidas desde la "Revolución Industrial", responsables de la transformación y el desarrollo de la economía mundial a lo largo de los últimos 240 años. Carlota Pérez sostiene igualmente que, en cada una de ellas, las nuevas tecnologías impulsaron un cambio radical de las estrategias organizacionales, las prácticas gerenciales y las conductas laborales y sociales necesarias para aprovechar con éxito las nuevas oportunidades que cada una de ellas ofrecía. Cambios de una profundidad tal que, en cada ocasión, conducían a una transformación total en el comportamiento de las personas involucradas, no solamente en sus puestos de trabajo sino en todos los ámbitos de su quehacer social, comunitario y hasta personal. Un cambio de una trascendencia tal que Pérez concluye denominando el nuevo paradigma tecno-económico como un cambio en el "sentido común". Este preámbulo es importante para poner en perspectiva el momento actual de tránsito a lo largo de la Revolución de la Información y las Telecomunicaciones. Un proceso de transformación que el mundo entero ha experimentado a lo largo de los últimos treinta años; desde la popularización de la computadora personal, y más intensamente los últimos veinte desde el nacimiento de la Internet. Un proceso que, como toda difusión viral, se desata a partir del pensamiento y las ideas de "mentes pioneras" que, sea por capacidad visionaria o como resultado de una aguda sensibilidad intuitiva, reconocen, adoptan, demuestran y promueven las oportunidades de desarrollo asociadas al nuevo vector tecnológico y a los cambios de pensamiento y actitud que ellas exigen. ; O mundo inteiro vive momentos de mudança radical. Há várias décadas se produzem mudanças económicas, políticas e sociais derivadas da instalação e a implantação de novas tecnologias microeletrônicas, especialmente as tecnologias da informação e as telecomunicações. A pesquisadora venezuelana Carlota Pérez, no seu libro, globalmente reconhecido "Revoluciones Tecnológicas y Capital Financiero: Dinámica de las Burbujas y las Edades Doradas", (Edward Elgar, 2002), demonstra como fato histórico que a humanidade se tem desenvolvido em ciclos de ao redor de meio século a partir do surgimento de novos vetores tecnológicos. Segundo Pérez, são cinco as revoluções tecnológicas, reconhecidas desde a "Revolução Industrial", responsáveis da transformação e o desenvolvimento da economia mundial ao longo dos últimos 240 anos. Carlota Pérez afirma igualmente que, em cada uma delas, as novas tecnologias impulsaram uma mudança radical das estratégias organizacionais, as práticas gerenciais e as condutas laborais e sociais necessárias para aproveitar com êxito as novas oportunidades que cada una delas oferecia. Mudanças de uma profundidade tal que, em cada ocasião, conduziam a uma transformação total no comportamento das pessoas envolvidas, não somente em seus empregos, senão também em todos os âmbitos de seu quefazer social, comunitário e até pessoal. Uma mudança de uma transcendência tal que Pérez conclui denominando o novo paradigma técnico-económico, como uma mudança no "sentido comum". Este preâmbulo é importante para pôr em perspectiva o momento atual de trânsito ao longo da Revolução da Informação e as Telecomunicações. Um processo de transformação que o mundo inteiro tem experimentado ao longo dos últimos trinta anos; desde a popularização do computador pessoal, e mais intensamente nos últimos vinte anos, desde o nascimento da Internet. Um processo que, como toda difusão viral, se desata a partir do pensamento e as ideias de "mentes pioneiras" que, seja por capacidade visionaria o como resultado de uma aguda sensibilidade intuitiva, reconhecem, adotam, demonstram e promovem as oportunidades de desenvolvimento associadas ao novo vetor tecnológico e às mudanças de pensamento e atitude que elas exigem.
Modernization of the educational process at the postgraduate stage using modern computer technologies is extremely urgent. The purpose of the study was to analyze the experience of distance learning of pharmacists-interns at the department of Organization and Economics of Pharmacy, drug technology and pharmacoeconomics and to substantiate promising directions for conducting distance education of pharmacists. Methods – questioning, interviewing of pharmacists-interns, questionnaire development. A special questionnaire has been developed and the method of individual questioning has explored the possibilities of distance learning of the pharmacist-interns at the postgraduate stage. The questionnaire included the passport part: the age, the form of training of the pharmacist-intern, the former place of work; A special part on the questions blocks under study. A survey was conducted of 128 pharmacists-interns: 72 full-time study form and 56 people of external study form. The questioning was conducted by each individual pharmacist individually, so it can be considered independent. As a result of the survey, we found out that about 61% of the pharmacists-interns do not have previous experience in distance learning. However, 81.5% are ready to independently study the topics of interest to them on pharmaceutical topics: New drugs registered in Ukraine, rational use of medicines, pharmaceutical care and assistance, etc. 67% of the surveyed pharmacists-interns believe that knowledge control is better done after the development/study of each topic, and 33% is better at the end of the study of the thematic cycle. The optimal ways of conducting distance learning are established: two-way on-line interaction, publications on the educational program website, two-way interactive video. At the Department of the Organization and Economics of Pharmacy, the Technology of Medicines and Pharmacoeconomics, experience has been accumulated and a system for studying pharmacoeconomics has been created and activities conducted by the Ukrainian Department of UCOPOR. Considerable attention is paid to the use of information and communication technologies from pharmacoeconomics for distance learning on the basis of the home site from pharmacoeconomics (www.uspor.org.ua), and 6 instructional modules on pharmacoeconomics developed by teachers in cooperation with international specialists are available on the international website ISPOR in Ukrainian. Prospective directions of the further development of postgraduate education, taking into account the results of questioning of pharmacists-interns can be the development of distance learning technologies, which will be actively introduced both in the preparation of the pharmacists-interns, and for the pharmacists-trainees of the training cycles, thematic improvement. It is established that more than 80% of pharmacists-interns are ready to independently study the topics of interest to them on pharmaceutical topics: New drugs registered in Ukraine, rational use of medicines, Pharmaceutical care and assistance, Pharmaceutical cosmetology and Pharmaceutical legislation To control and evaluate the self-mastered material, 67% of interrogated interveners interviewed believe that it is advisable to conduct it after processing / studying each topic. It has been established that the optimal methods for conducting distance learning are: two-way on-line interaction, publications on the educational program site and two-way interactive video. Teachers of the Department of the Organization and Economics of Pharmacy, drug technology and pharmacoeconomics have developed a special distance learning program with pharmacoeconomics based on international modules, which is designed to provide knowledge and skills on the methodology of pharmacoeconomic research. ; Модернізація навчального процесу на післядипломному етапі з використанням сучасних комп'ютерних технологій є надзвичайно актуальною. Метою дослідження було проаналізувати досвід дистанційного навчання провізорів-інтернів на кафедрі Організації та економіки фармації, технології ліків та фармакоекономіки, обґрунтувати перспективні напрями для проведення дистанційної освіти провізорів. Методи – анкетування, інтерв'ювання провізорів-інтернів, розроблення анкети. Розроблена спеціальна анкета і методом індивідуального анкетування досліджено можливості дистанційного навчання провізорів-інтернів на післядипломному етапі. Розроблена нами анкета включала паспортну частину: вік, форму навчання провізора-інтерна, попереднє місце роботи; спеціальну частину щодо досліджуваних блоків питань. Проведено анкетування 128 провізорів-інтернів очної (72 особи) і заочної (56 осіб) форм навчання. Анкетування проводилося кожним провізором-інтерном індивідуально, тому його можна вважати незалежним. У результаті анкетування ми з'ясували, що близько 61% провізорів-інтернів не мають попереднього досвіду дистанційного навчання. Однак 81,5% готові самостійно вивчати цікаві для них теми на фармацевтичну тематику: Нові препарати, зареєстровані в Україні, Раціональне застосування лікарських засобів, Фармацевтичні опіка і допомога і т. п. 67% опитаних провізорів-інтернів вважають, що контроль знань краще проводити після розробки/вивчення кожної теми, а 33% – що краще в кінці вивчення тематичного циклу. Встановлено оптимальні способи проведення дистанційного навчання: двостороння он-лайн взаємодія, публікації на сайті освітньої програми, двостороннє інтерактивне відео. На кафедрі Організації та економіки фармації, технології ліків та фармакоекономіки накопичений досвід і створена система вивчення фармакоекономіки і заходи, що проводяться Української відділом UСPOR. Значну увагу приділяють використанню інформаційно-комунікаційних технологій із фармакоекономіки для дистанційного навчання на базі вітчизняного сайту з фармакоекономіки (www.uspor.org.ua), а також розроблені викладачами у співпраці з міжнародними фахівцями 6 дистанційних навчальних модулів із фармакоекономіки, які доступні на міжнародному сайті ISPOR українською мовою. Перспективними напрямами подальшого розвитку післядипломної освіти, з огляду на результати анкетування провізорів-інтернів, може бути розвиток технологій дистанційного навчання, які будуть активно впроваджуватися як в підготовку провізорів-інтернів, так і для провізорів – слухачів циклів стажування, тематичного удосконалення. Встановлено, що більше 80% провізорів-інтернів готові самостійно дистанційно вивчати цікаві для них теми на фармацевтичну тематику: Нові препарати, зареєстровані в Україні; Раціональне застосування лікарських засобів; Фармацевтичні опіка і допомога; Фармацевтична косметологія і Фармацевтичне законодавство. Для контролю і оцінювання засвоєного самостійно матеріалу 67% опитаних провізорів-інтернів вважають, що доцільно проводити його після опрацювання/вивчення кожної теми. Встановлено, що оптимальними способами проведення дистанційного навчання є двостороння он-лайн взаємодія, публікації на сайті освітньої програми та двостороннє інтерактивне відео. Викладачами кафедри Організації та економіки фармації, технології ліків і фармакоекономіки розроблена спеціальна програма дистанційного навчання з фармакоекономіки на основі міжнародних модулів, яка призначена для забезпечення знань і навичок за методологією фармакоекономічних досліджень.
In this piece, I examine the role of authority in Yorùbá society and how au[1]thority is subverted by moral conflicts generated in the political evolution of the Yorùbá state from city state to empire, leading to disastrous consequences in the society at large as presented in the films of Adébáyọ Fálétí, specifically in Àfọnjá (2002), Basọrun Gáà (2004) and Ṣawo Ṣẹgbẹ ̀ rì̀ (2005). I argue that such pains and pangs of transformation are not unique to Yorùbá society but mirror similar political evolutions in other societies such as Rome and Greece. Such political upheavals led to the celebrated assassination of Julius Caesar in Rome and Alexander the Great of Macedonia. In particular Àfọnjá ̀ and Baṣọrun ̀ Gáà dramatize evocatively the poignancy of the attendant confrontations. In addition, I evaluate Adébáyọ Fálétí as a Nigerian and African foundational practitioner in the global field of cultural studies and his use of cultural post materialism in his work. Adébáyọ Fálétí can be regarded as the father of modern Nigerian Cultural Studies and in Africa in general in line with the way that the discipline is understood the world over standing, as it were, on the cusp of traditional Nigerian and African drama and modern drama in African mother tongues. In addition, Fálétí epitomizes what modern cultural studies world-wide represent as a cross between the traditional discipline of drama and the television 172 Olayinka Agbetuyi industries as well as filmic industries, along with advertisements, which together constitute what is today known as the culture industries. As defined in the words of Chris Barker, "Culturalism focuses on meaning production by human actors in a historical context."1 Fálétí's historical drama and films fall within such category. Barker added that Culturalism focuses on interpretation as a way of understanding meaning."2 These are the hallmarks of the historical drama that formed the basis of two of the films by Fálétí being examined here. In addition, he stated that cultural studies deal with subjectivity and identity or how we come to be the kinds of people we are. Fálétí's Afọnja and Gáà's thematic preoccupation is how the Yorùbá subjectivity has been constituted over time through its political evolution. The three films also demonstrate what Stuart Hall considers to be the connection that cultural studies seeks to make to matters of power and cultural politics.3 With regards to the role of Fálétí as pioneer in the area of radio-vision cultural industries the broadcasting mogul narrated the manner in which he pioneered the phone-in radio broadcast in Nigeria on the programme "Ѐyí Àrà" at the Broadcasting Corporation of Ọyọ̀ ́ State, Ibadan (BCOS) after pioneering Yorùbá broadcasting on Africa's first television station Western Nigeria Television (WNTV) twenty years earlier.4 Fálétí's career spanning close to seven decades dovetails public services with private engagement with drama production. He was one of the earliest organizers of a drama performing company in 1949 to produce his own plays. His career development can be divided into three phases: the formative traditional drama performance phase, the literary drama phase which dovetails into his career as a public servant in a symbiotic relationship and his post public service movie production phase which coincided with the efflorescence of the Nollywood. The three works examined here straddle Fálétí's second and third phases of engagement in drama production. Both Basọrun Gáà (to be hereafter referred to as Gáà) and Ṣawo Ṣẹgbẹ ̀ rì ̀ were first staged in the second phase of Fálétí's development as a theatre practitioner. In addition to being staged in the theater, Gáà and Ṣawo Ṣẹgbẹ ̀ rì̀ were produced for tele[1]vision audiences as dramatic thrillers and became household favourites in the '70s and '80s at the time of his career as a radio/television broadcaster. Fálétí's retirement from public service provided the opportunity needed to build on the experience gained in the television industry to launch a full-blown film production career for which his earlier experience seems to have been a tutelage. Àfọ̀njá (2002), Gáà (2004) and Ṣawo Ṣẹgbẹ ̀ rì ̀ (2005) are part of the products of this final phase. Although Àfọ̀njá preceded the other two in movie 1 Barker, Chris. Cultural Studies: Theory and Practice. London: Sage, 2012. 2 Barker. 2012, 17 3 Barker, 5. 4 Nigerianfilms.com. February 17, 2008. Accessed Aug 10 2018. Authority and Moral Conflicts in the Films of Adébáyọ Fálétí 173 production, it was the last to be written among the three and is organically a prequel which builds on the success of Gáà and extends a thematic continuum in the Fágúnwà-esque manner of the novels Ògbójú Ọde Ninu Igbó Irunmọlẹ and Igbo Olódùmarè. While Àfọ̀njá and Gáà are historical drama based on actual events in the history of the Yorùbá Empire, Ṣawo Ṣegberi is purely fictional and is based on a postcolonial Nigerian setting. The movies therefore take a reverse order to the chronology of writing and stage performance while Ṣawo Ṣẹ̀gbẹ̀rì, which was the first to be staged among the three, was not written for stage and television performance until it was script-written for film production.5 Àfọ̀njá, Gáà and Ṣawo Ṣẹgbẹ ̀ rì ̀ are each set in a cosmopolis where the Yorùbá citizens have to deal with other nationals in the context of Yorùbá mores within a broader cosmopolitan ethos. In Àfọ̀njá and Gáà that context is provided by the empire phase of Yorùbá civilization in which Yorùbá civilization was the dominant point of reference; in Ṣawo Ṣẹgbẹ ̀ rì ̀ the drama is situated in the context of postcolonial Nigerian city, in a nation that boasts large ethnic nationalities of which the Yorùbá are only one and in which Yorùbá culture is mediated by the postcolonial state with its symbol of the English language as the means of communication and its cultural spin offs. Fálétí demonstrates the mastery of dramaturgy in Àfọ̀njá and Gáà by juxtaposing the dynamics of running a state originally built on a confederation of city state structure very much like the Greek city state structure, at the latter's comparative stage of political evolution, with a new imperial structure and the conflicts generated by the flux of the two systems; whereas in Ṣawo Ṣẹ̀gbẹ̀rì moral conflict is generated by interpersonal amatorial clashes as well as models of expertise.
The article analyses the state of the most popular and least popular professions and specialties in Ukraine. It's found that there are no specialties in the field of land management among them. It is also noted that at the legislative level the specialties "Land Management and Cadastre" and "Evaluation of land and real estate" were replaced by the specialty "Geodesy and land management", which belongs to the field of knowledge "Architecture and construction" (technical sciences). It is substantiated that the profession of land manager should relate to the field of knowledge of "Social and behavioural sciences". It's based on the provisions of the Law "On Land Management" and the study of world experience of the essence of the concepts of land management and land management planning (both have technical, socio-economic, legal and environmental focus).It is proved that the profession of land manager needs to be reprofiled. In this regard, there is a need to identify new specialties and specializations and add them into the state classifier DK 003: 2010. It's important to expand the training of specialists within: 1) specialty 193 "Geodesy and land management" specializations "Land Management and Land Use Administration" and "Cadastral Registrar"; 2) specialty 101 "Ecology" specialization "Land management and ecologization of landuse", 3) specialty 051 "Economics" specialization "Economics of land management and land use". It is proposed to add them to the classifier.Keywords. Profession "land manager", labour market, perspective specialties and specializations in land management, new qualifications. Formulation of the problem. The development of society at all times was associated with the arrangement of lands, which today remains the main means for the existence of mankind and a source of social wealth. The need to establish the limits disturb landowners from ancient times. This function is performed by land surveyors. When the first representatives of this profession appeared, it is certainly not known. But the land surveyor is now a profession demanded both in the village and in the city. In our country, the profession of land surveyor always respects honour because it is devoted to the invaluable treasures of Ukraine - land, which has always attached special significance.According to the research conducted in Ukraine, soon, the 10 most demanded professions include: programmers (C++, Java), food industry technologists, construction engineers, architects, designers of offices and interiors, personnel managers, recruiters, energy engineers, journalists, technologists of light industry products, financiers (specialization "banking") [1]. In addition, prospective include: hotel business managers, accountants, auditors, lawyers, marketers.According to the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine, according to the results of the 2017 admission, the most popular specialties among the entrants for the Bachelor in Ukraine were Philology, Law, and Management. 85 thousand, 74 thousand and 59 thousand applications have been filed for the stated above specialties respectively. In addition, among the leaders are "Medicine", "Computer Science", "Tourism", "Secondary Education", "Psychology", "Economics". These specialties were desirable to enter by 40 to 46 thousand of entrants. The last step in the TOP-10 was "Software Engineering" with the result of 33 thousand applications (Fig. 1) [9]. Despite the stated above facts, it has been revealed that such specialties as "Law", "Management", "Tourism" and "Economics" remain among the most popular among entrants even though they are not in demand in the labour market. At the same time, the high levels in the ranking are occupied by important for the economy specialties, such as "Computer Science" and "Software Engineering". The least popular specialties are (fig. 2) "Theology" (185 applications excluding spiritual higher educational institutions) and "Hydropower" (193 applications for entry).However, specialties for the preparation of a specialist in land management are absent among the most and least popular. Therefore, with a caution we have to perceive the situation.The list of required occupations in the labour market is changing. Focus magazine has ranked the professions that will be promising in 5-10 years [10]. Before allocating the most promising specialties, the publication together with experts identified the areas of the economy that will actively develop in the near future. So, at first there was a list of 40 spheres of the economy, which, according to Focus, will successfully develop in the next 5-10 years. Experts evaluated the prospects for the development of these industries on a 10-point scale, giving each sector a mark from 1 to 10 points. At the same time, each expert could add to the list the industry that was not among the 40 listed, but whose potential he considers rather large.According to the obtained data, the rating of 15 most promising industries has been designed, and include: information technologies, telecommunications and communications, agriculture, pharmaceutical production and pharmacy business, banking, frying and processing industry, transport services, financial services, legal services, household services, metallurgy, alcohol production, energy, livestock, utilities.So, the 20 most promising professions of the next decade will be the following: the seller, the IT specialist, the automation engineer, the marketer, the municipal services engineer, the aeroengineer, the technologist in the production and processing of food products, the technologist of consumer services, logistics, the lawyer (economic and land law), power engineer veterinarian, pharmacologist, financier, communication engineer, practical psychologist, geneticist, biochemist, robotic technician, nanoengineer.In addition, agrarian countries are actively developing organic and farm farming. This will require the involvement of a large number of employees who are able to work on the ground - and thus, forms a serious niche. In general, the labour market trends in the coming years can be reduced to nine main directions [5]: engineers, IT specialists, nanotechnology specialists, marketers, service providers, logistics, environmentalists, chemists, and physicians.The Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine dated December 30, 2015, No. 1187, approved new Licensing conditions for the conduct of educational activities [7] concerning the further conduct of educational and scientific work in educational institutions. By the order of the Ministry of Education and Science dated November 6, 2015, No. 1151 "On the peculiarities of the introduction of the list of branches of knowledge and specialties [6], which are the training of applicants for higher education, approved by the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine from April 29, 2015, No. 266" [8] approved Table of correspondence List of directions for training of specialists in higher educational establishments for the educational-qualifying level of bachelor (List 1), List of specialties, which was carried out training of specialists in higher education institutions for educational and qualification levels of a specialist and a master's degree (List 2).In the stated above Resolution, it is defined that instead of the specialties "Land Management and Cadastre" and "Land and Real Estate Valuation" – the specialty "Geodesy and Land Management" is established. The latter belongs to the field of knowledge "Architecture and Construction", which belongs to the technical sciences.At the same time, the Law of Ukraine "On Land Management" stipulates that land management is a set of socio-economic and environmental measures aimed at regulating land relations and rational organization of the territory of administrative-territorial units, economic entities carried out under the influence of social and productive relations and development of productive forces [2]. The same law (Article 1) stipulates that activities in the field of land management are the scientific, technical, production and management activities of state authorities, local governments, legal entities and individuals, which is carried out under land management. Land-use documentation (land management documentation) is the text and graphic materials approved in accordance with the established procedure, which regulate the use and protection of lands of state, communal and private property, as well as survey and land survey materials, author's supervision of project implementation, etc. Measures on land management – provided by documentation on land management on the rational use and protection of land, the formation and organization of the territory of the object of land management, taking into account their purpose, restrictions on the use and restrictions (encumbrances) on the rights of other persons (land servitudes), preservation and increase of fertility soils.This is evidence that the profession of land surveyor is more likely to belong to the field of knowledge of "Social and behavioural sciences" than to "Architecture and construction". Architecture (Greek αρχιτεκτονικη - construction) is both a science and the art of designing buildings, as well as a system of buildings and structures that form a spatial environment for the lives and activities of people in accordance with the laws of beauty. Land management, as stated in the Law of Ukraine "On Land Management" – a set of socio-economic and environmental measures aimed at regulating land relations and rational organization of the territory of administrative-territorial entities and economic entities on the ground.As the research of A.M. Tretiak and V.M. Tretiak shows, the concept and essence of land management has both a technical direction and socio-economic, legal and environmental.Land managers have worked and work in the structural subdivisions of the State Committee for Land Resources of Ukraine, the State Land Agency of Ukraine and the State Audit Office of Ukraine, state authorities and local self-government bodies, and ministries (where there are departments of land resources); in public and private design and valuation companies, real estate firms, agroholdings, agricultural enterprises; territorial communities, scientific institutions, institutions of legal direction. civic organizations.The land manager learns not only his professional knowledge, but also legal and natural sciences. For a profession it is necessary to have mathematical abilities, engineering approach, spatial imagination, ability to understand the legislation. The profession is extremely interesting and creative, which requires the ability to make informed decisions, communicate with people, requires care, clarity and responsibility. To become a successful specialist in this field, you need to be persistent, self-confident, active, have a well-developed intuition and logical thinking.According to the classification of professions, the professional activity of the land manager relates to professions such as "human-nature". To date, the land manager must have a higher education in the field of "Architecture and Construction" from the specialty "Geodesy and Land Management", according to the educational qualification level: a junior specialist, a bachelor's or a master's degree.Currently, land managers use modern equipment in their work: electronic instruments; new technologies of geographic information systems. Significant problems arise when making managerial decisions due to the imperfection of the regulatory framework - when three different land managers can have three different views on the same issue. At the same time, for professionals it is extremely important to come to a joint decision. But how can the problems of legislation be explained to an ordinary peasant? It's a shame when you can not help a person in solving his question, and even more - when you do not know how to explain the impossibility of solving a particular problem. The disadvantage of the profession is also that there is little free time for personal life, family and wage mismatch in modern times. The advantages include: work is interesting, lots of communication, new knowledge in land law, and more.At the same time, we consider it necessary to stay on the proposals of A. Martyn outlined in the scientific paper "Directions of adaptation of the content of land management education to the needs of the national and world economy" [3], where he publishes "bad news" for land management education – whether we are ready for them? He states: "Most of our graduates will not develop landuse documentation at all; the number of jobs in the industry is quite limited; the overwhelming part of the "modern" Ukrainian land management is a terrible mix of fairly archaic rules, a crazy bureaucracy and meaningless rituals, in order to master the development of primitive land management documentation, it takes 2-3 weeks of practical training, but not 5 years at the university, and a significant part of cadastral registrar are lawyers.Some of these reservations agreeable. Therefore, his thoughts emphasize once again the need for serious changes in the training of land management specialists.Thus, all of the above stipulates the need for changes in the classification of occupations DK 003: 2010 and the definition of new specialties and specialization training of land management specialists.In our opinion, it is expedient to extend the training of specialists in land surveying in the following areas: 1) specialty 193 "Geodesy and land management" of the specializations "Land Management and Land Use Administration" and "Cadastral Registrar"; 2) specialty 101 "Ecology" specialization "Land management and ecologization of land use"; 3) specialty 051 "Economics" specialization "Economics of land management and land use".At the same time, we consider it expedient to add the following qualifications to the classifier of professions DK 003: 2010: in section 8 "Main specialists – heads of scientific research units and subdivisions on scientific and technical preparation of production and other managers" – Chief land surveyor; in section 14 "Managers of enterprises, institutions, organizations and their subdivisions" – Manager of land management, Manager in the field of operations with land, Manager in the field of research in the land market; in section 25 "Agronomists, hydraulic engineering, forest managers and professionals of related professions" – Land manager; in section 33 "Assistant veterinarians, junior specialists in agronomy, forestry, water management and nature conservation" – Land Resources Inspector; in section 34 "Other technical specialists in the field of management" – State Inspector for the use and protection of land; in section 249 "Professionals not included in other classification groups". Land manager-ecologist, Land manager-designer.Conclusions.Summing up, we note that the assignment of the specialty "Geodesy and land management" to the field of knowledge "Architecture and Construction" (engineering science) does not comply with the provisions of the Law "On Land Management", the study of world experience of the essence of the concepts of land management, which determined that they are inherent in technical, as well as socio-economic, legal and environmental trends. In this connection it is proved that the profession of land manager belongs to the field of knowledge of "Social and behavioral sciences".In view of this, the need for re-engineering the directions of land management training is urgent. Therefore, we must work ahead and make changes to the classification of professions DK 003: 2010 regarding the definition of new specialties and specialization training of specialists in land management. We consider it expedient to expand the training of specialists within: 1) specialty 193 "Geodesy and land management" of the specialties "Land Management and Land Use Administration" and "Cadastral Registrar"; 2) specialty 101 "Ecology" specialization "Land management and ecologization of land use"; 3) specialty 051 "Economics" specialization "Economics of land management and land use" (qualification "Land Management Manager"). It is proposed to make changes to the list of qualifications. ; У пропонованій статті проаналізовано стан найзатребуваніших і найменш популярних професій, спеціальностей в Україні та виявлено, що спеціальності для підготовки фахівців землевпорядного профілю серед них відсутні. Також відзначено, що на законодавчому рівні спеціальності «Землеустрій та кадастр», «Оцінка землі та нерухомого майна» з підготовки зазначених фахівців замінено на спеціальність «Геодезія та землеустрій», яку віднесено до галузі знань «Архітектура та будівництво» (технічні науки). Обґрунтовано, що професія землевпорядника має відноситись до галузі знань «Соціальних та поведінкових наук», підставою чого слугували положення ЗУ «Про землеустрій» та дослідження світового досвіду сутності понять землеустрою і землевпорядкування (мають як технічне, так і соціально-економічне, правове й екологічне спрямування). Доведено, що професія землевпорядника потребує перепрофілювання. У цьому зв'язку існує необхідність у визначенні нових спеціальностей і спеціалізацій та внесенні їх до класифікатора професій ДК 003:2010. Вказано на доцільність розширення підготовки фахівців в межах: 1) спеціальності 193 «Геодезія та землеустрій» спеціалізацій «Землеустрій та адміністрування землекористування» і «Кадастровий реєстратор»; 2) спеціальності 101 «Екологія» спеціалізації «Землевпорядкування та екологізація землекористування», 3) спеціальності 051 «Економіка» спеціалізації «Економіка землевпорядкування та землекористування». Запропоновано внести до класифікатора й перелік нових кваліфікацій.Ключові слова. Професія «землевпорядник», ринок праці, перспективні спеціальності та спеціалізації у сфері землевпорядкування,нові кваліфікації.
The Palestinian Authority is committed to improving state-citizen relations through various mechanisms including the complaints resolution. The objective of this technical assistance, which has been undertaken at the request of the DGC, is to strengthen the Complaint Handling Mechanisms (CHMs) in five Palestinian ministries/government entities that are supported by World Bank-financed projects, as well as the DGC. This summary report synthesizes key findings that have emerged throughout the technical assistance and formulates Ministry-specific recommendations. It forms the basis of a possible phase II of the project, which would support the implementation of recommendations. The report presents the innovative methodology used to bring together the demand- and supply-side perspectives on CHMs in targeted ministries; the key findings from the survey and the ministry-by-ministry assessments; the key suggestions for improvement; and finally the next steps. The technical assistance has generated high client interest among the concerned Ministries, the DGC and development partners.The technical assistance has generated high client interest among the concerned Ministries, the DGC and development partners. This summary report synthesizes key findings that have emerged throughout the technical assistance and formulates Ministry-specific recommendations. It forms the basis of a possible phase II of the project which would support the implementation of recommendations. The technical assistance also aligns with the focus on strengthening the citizen-state compact specified in the WBG Assistance Strategy FY15-16 for the West Bank and Gaza. The report is structured as follows: Part two presents the context; Part three presents the methodology used to bring together the demand- and supply-side perspectives on CHMs in targeted ministries; Part four presents the key findings from the survey and the ministry-by-ministry assessments; Part five presents the key suggestions for improvement; and finally Part six presents the next steps.
Technical Report 2018-08-ECE-141 Technical Report 2002-12-ECE-012 Defense Presentations (I) Ozgur Aktunc, Rajani Sadasivam, Urcun Tanik, Kazuhiro Abe, Praneet Deo This technical report is a reissue of a technical report issued December 2002 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Alabama at Birmingham August 2018 · . Technical Repm12002-12-ECE-012 Defense Presentations (I) Ozgur Aktunc, Rajani Sadasivam, Urcun Tanik, Kazuhiro Abe, Praneet Deo TECHNICAL REPORT Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Alabama at Birmingham December 2002 ' . Masters Thesis Presentation Ozgur Aktunc Thesis advisor: Dr. Murat M. Tanik The Role of Component Technologies on Enterprise Engineering Department of [locbi, 2002 Publications · ~1:~fk~c~srr~s~ lo:;;lu~i{lg:, ~;.~:~':Is~: .~ ~!,~ M. World Conference on Intcgr,lted Design & Process Technology, 2000, Proceedings co. • 2. o. Aktonc, P. Oeo, aniverslty of Alebllma at Blnninoham, september 2001, p.4L • • .}~·~.!.:~·. ~t1t~U!o~i.r8::e~we:~ at Birmingham, October 2001, p.47. • 3. o. Aklunc and M. M. Tanlk. ·p-SubmiSSion and Review ~;,~ • A component model defines a set of standards for component Implementation, cuslomization, composition, evolution, and deployment. • Component models set the standards for application developers, help the businesses to Implement the business logic Into their systems In a methodology. Current Component Models • There are numerous component models today. • The main component models are: "; Microsoft's .Net !. Sun Mlcrosystems' Enterprise Java Beans f. OMG's CORBA Component Model (CCM) Usage of components and objects • Objects - suitable to describe the problem domain of a system. • Components - suitable to describe the functionality of a system. • ";Objects vs. components" = ";identity vs. services". [6] • CBSE = components + objects Component Model Operation A component model operates on two levels; • Defines how to construct an Individual component. Microsoft's .Net Model, ! unknown interface. • Sets the communication and Interaction standards of the components. Component Model Implementations and Services • Standardizes the run-time environment. • Defines the specification of Interfaces to both general and domain-specific run-time services. • General services include user Interface management services, system management services etc. • Domain- specific services can Include financial, healthcare and telecommunication services. [ 4] 4 Services lniOJ!.11"1'''"' J i ,.,.,.;~.;, l lo"'"'"'O"i~ J ! Pa tltq) rmi'i.ep ).I.e N-Queens Problem • The domain was chosen the combinatorial N-Queens problem . • This problem has applications in • Communication. • VLSI testing. • Dead lock prevention. • Memory management. • Traffic control. Component Technologies • Component technologies have flourished surrounding the established component models such as Microsoft's COM and Sun's JavaBeans . • Component technologies and models have been the driving forces of each other. Research collaboration test-bed • We built a research collaboration test-bed using component technologies and utilizing enterprise engineering principles. • The prototype Is built on a Java three-tier architecture with an Oracle database storing a large number of N·Queens solutions. • We had the chance to apply several component technologies such as servlets, XML and Database Management. Our problem solving domain: NQueens research environment This soll« -ECE-012, Ur~verclly of Alabama at Olrmlnghe.m, October :>001. R. S. SadQSJvam, U. J . Tnnik, and M. M. Tanik 'A Tesi-Bed for llle Corrolallon Center lor Digital Servlcos,"; Technical R&port 2001 - 08-ECE-006, University ol Alabama 81 Blrmlngham, August U. T anlk, A framework lor lnlemet Enterprtso F.ng:J(Iij , , lffML Ole., May 2002. Future Work • To programmatically identify software components and assemble them in a structured manner by using late binding techniques • To build the Correlation Engine References P. Dao, Ernarprlse Dovck>flmont Using Java and XML Teehnologlos, Master's Thesis, UAB, BirrnlngMm. At2001. U. J. Tanlk. M.M Tanik, nrld L Jolo!ian, ";'nternet Enterprise Enginoorf11g: A Zero-limo rramewortc based on T Slmlegy.' Proc. cl IEEE SOOfC9 (CREC}, at the Un/119Jsity of Te- 17 Preliminary Consultations Pr-Ies: After COO>IAialion with Or. Ych, Or. Kozmetsky. and Or. Ramamoonlly, I continued to study and assimilate mei~k Aller discussion .;tt, 0ts and tecllnologles U$Od in EleCtronic Eolerprlse Eng(necMg (EEE) Aller d:.:ussion with 0.JeKMI(>Ie entOIJ)Iise prOIOIY1)C calfud F.ng!io;r.tex1doclor.oom using Olfolhtt-SileU leelrnology (bocame a case s!ud)? All above actMiios led me to unoersmr.d I he importance of mappff!Q l)uslnoss IJ(OCGSS to enterprise uo1o comp&lEII\CY tor Cho service inclllstry Personal Publications Relevant to lEE Thesis Jnh:t TnnLk. Murat Ttl'l{l:. and I,IX!f, Jdlllbit. l ntt mtt E 1U t'l)ri~ PAf:,JJlttrin~: A uz.m.Hult' . f'r:unt-.u·k based un ";'f -Sfr~ttCJ•''. l:Ef:.l1 S1lodiN.Stoo». 2001. John Tmk and KaR2dllro Abe, 11\Q Japlnes~Amefkan Handshak&: The Into mot CMmensfon, . SOPS T•a.nsacllon: Joumnl or lntegratod Design ood Process Sclence, VelA, No.1. PI> 57·72, 2000. Resulting Pressures Eootromle: 1o= E~1lny (Fklr, 2001} ~t-Bttsifle';$ & e-Ccmmtm:o. HOlY k> Progrsm {DeJa!, 0.1"' & Nie1o. 2001) !N'rocess E(fg9, Cte81/Jlg Cuslom/N Va:U• and ovsines:s Weall1> kl 1/le lnfi:mel Em {Kc'ell & Mc:Dona/0. 2(JQ()) Et>le !Jiil, 2000) Zero T"";"; (Kozme/slry & Yeh, 200(1) Cracking lito Value Clxlo, HJ.v Suct;esSfuiBvsli>esses Ate C'o~ealir>g W•am> Ill lf>e Nm• EcofiOtny (Arthur AndctSM, 2000) Drumbeal2000 (Macrorne 00fl1ic gtowth and kai\Siormalion allr'lbuled to new technOICokml to11:os shaping lll•wol ld ecOllO!IIy, cspeefally dueiO lhe lmf)QCI 01 me !nleJrlel[Price Waletho!>Sej. . Hyper-eompeHllon In o glObal ma1~01 Rapid tecmorogylran~lormatiOOS A vary ln~1conr.edcd oooaomic value chain EmergIJy on tho lnlemol. Resulting Internet Enterprise Needs As a rewlt, a need exfsls lor a : I. Formal a;scipline such as kllemot Enlerprise Engineering (lEE) - lor syarornalic construcUoo ol on nne onrorpfiSes • Reliollly • Cct·ol:.ctiYcty • Timely 2. Process-cenlrtc management - For baclcond automation of ptocess • lor elllly by focusing tnelf eiiOtiS on lll1fliC>Vo>g Ulelr process as lhelr chief core Clyplr.g and Development 9. Government Initiatives In Cytlemtntalion 14. Larg&-scale Enterprise Ooveloprnent Ellvtmrlments IS. Enabl'rl!J Tochnotogles and CO lont~ . =:.:.~r.~e Cosmos- Holistic Framework for Managing Change l:'lr~li'Uo;'t• ~ . l.o~fll UffMF. )In\,ltm~i\t• A•-tt\11)'~1n~ s""; iHI>· ,,., k~litr Process-Driven Service Software Thesis Presentation by Kazuhlro Abe September 19,2002 21 Acknowledgements ~ Dr. Leon Jololian t. Dr. Murat Tanik ~v Dr. Raymond Yeh I', Dr. C.V. Ramamoorthy I', Brian Young, CEO f,";~u~k,. .,.,;-_.~-:.:r-:,•;;•.-:.";!':t:~!'f~-.:'::·'1- :-•1.N -1 : Three-Tier Software I • _____A _r_c_h_i=~.~--J ifM&\BJ" ' ~hJ!tiif:~!fi~\mmJ ii)11-j§~ Three-Tier Software Architecture Da1a layer - Conceptual Procoss Logic laye.- Prii$Gnlatlon layer Outline ;o,. Three-Tier Software Architecture ~',. Service-Based Software . Process-Based Software We propose . ~ An Architecture and Infrastructure for Process-Driven Service Software Three-Tier Software Architecture -Physical •· Put a middle tier between client user interface and database management systems (DBMS) ";' Overcame many limitations of two· tier architecture • Pertormance, scalabllily, llexibility, _ • .,,~ ~••m••:~ ~---· . ·- Data Layer ~ Low-level manipulation of data ~Technologies: • DBMS • Directory I', Issues and Challenges: • Dialects in SOL • Stored Procedures 22 Process Logic Layer $ High-level manipulation of data ~Technologies: • Object Oriented Middleware (OOM) - ION A Orblx, Highlander VisiBroker • Message Oriented Middleware (MOM) - IBM MOSories, TIBCO Rendezvous Presentation Layer $ Construction and delivery of presentation ~; Technologies: • Thin-Client Browser-based Application, Citrix • Thick-Client- Stand-alone Apps., Java Apple!, Java Web Start Service-Based Software Process Logic Layer (Cont.) ~. Issues and Challenges: • Complexity of Development • Vendor Dependency • Difficulty of Integration • Difflcully of Maintenance Presentation Layer (ConL) ~ Issues and Challenges: • Thin-Client- Limited User Interface and Interaction • Thick-Client- Management of Code, Delivery Service-Based Software - Service Unit f> Examples • Stock Quote Service • Weather Service 23 Service-Based Software - Objective , Another abstraction layer on components - Characteristics (Cont.) & Compared to objects and components, services have higher abstraction and are more understandable by domain experts. 6o Unlike objects and components, services are platform independence. --- t---.'.-.- - +-- -- Service-Based Software - Characteristics fJ Developing services requires programming knowledge. $ Services are built to be used by each other and other applications. Service-Based Software - Sample Architecture f·.:· . ~· . :: . . ·.:)_._;. .· ::: t --- ·-- +-- - -··____;_· Process-Based Software G Process specifications executed on a process engine • A process specification describes llow of the process and the interaction between components. 24 Process-Based Software (Cont.) Typical CBS g ~ ~· Process-Based SofiNvare 1. By having a process engine, a process and component integration are separated. Process-Based Software - Example (Cont.) r:~=$!4j!:J:. ·n,.,.,.Mil:l!7i!£l/,.,.~t I Process-Driven ~::::~:::$] Process-Based Software -Example Process-Based Software -- ·- . bt-'VW---~ ";I"M~W'r.,._~t#O't> .-;~. '1.'1.(";. ~··v n·.,.re•~"";";";";'·.,. . -~ _,.,.,,. ___ . ~,.,. ._,.,._._ 'O. _ w. __,.-·--~~ . ·- __.-.,.,. -·.Jrol,. .~. -·-~. . ::::";";''~""; . \0-. ~·-~f'--~ ~---~ ~·"' . ~.,.,·r -.o._-~ --~···_.,.L'Dt_ ,.M'). - Example (Cont.) Process-Driven Service Software 6> A new kind of service that is constructed with process technologies Service-Based Software + Process-Based Software • Process-Driven Service Software 25 Process-Driven Service Software - Architecture Process-Driven Service Software - Composition 41 Example S1ock Quote E-mail Service !!zW::f~ l:l.\jif%~sa':'t6i~WMWE~ Process-Driven Service Software -Effect Process-Driven Service Software - Architecture (Cont.) Process-Driven Service Software 1, Process-Driven Service Editor 2. UDDI Registry 3. Process Registry - Composition (Con t , - Infrastructure 26 Process-Driven Service Software - Infrastructure (Cont.) 4. Dynamic Web Service Adapter 5. 6. 7. Process Engine UDDI Adapter Process Adapter .- · ;,. . ~@ Comparison -· - --.·.- .--· ";•' ~d:~)'l '"' . . --- Future Work ·~ . t4 Od. 2001). ~ 8/zTaJic Frame1W>rlt 2.0: DocumorJ and Msssage Spocillcailon, Microsoft Corporallon. Oec. 2000. 27 A THESIS DEFENSE ENTERPRISE DEVEWPMENT USING JAVA AND XML TECHNOWGJES BJ• Pmnrtl R. 0811 Pre.re11tatio11 Outiine • Ntw bnrintss tHJironnttNI. • En!erplist sol~rtions. o Thm-titr mrhiterfurr m()((fl }mm mvcr.sidc tcdJ!iologiu. o XML ttrh11olo!,J'· • NQIItt/IJ Jni!J/>It appiirotibJJ. Rwtlls '!/ J!Jt tbtsis work and j11tnrr uvmt. o DtJIIOHS!mlion '!/tiN tiNsir 11'/Jrk. Be11ejits ojE11tetp1ises lntegmtio11 Fa. t~' opm11io11ol mi.-. • Lo1m·prod11dion costs. UJI'fl' lilvtJIIO!)' (f)i/Y. Backgrom/(1 • Co11;p/rltd Doc/Jclor '![E 11gi11ttring 1i1 ]1111t, 1998 in Indio. • )oi11rd UllivmirJ• of AfobaJJJa at Bin11i11gho'" (UAB) for molltr's prugrrmt in Elutriral and C0111p111tr EJiflimnng in Srpttml~tr. 1999. o Fot· /aJI 12 months worki11g 1111rftrlbe gllidaJite oJDr.l~l(l'af To11iA1 for JJIOJiu'r tbrsis mtitltd ";Hnte1pn>-e De;.~lfJ/)JJtwl Usingjm'll ond XML Trdmologiu."; New .B11si11ess E11vironmenl o 1 llftl'lltf ond Ntfl/lfni. EttJnomy - INimtll ";";' dw"!,tJ !ht ~ bJuiMmJ 6f>ti>J/t, - 'J'bm isM"' Nrtswrk EtrJI1Mry tllltf}!/1/l. ••bttr bnsilrt1JtllnJ!k n•it!J pm11ttf1111NI t'YJHJ/1/1/ll'l (WIY /ht /nltl"iitl. • E111trplist ilttcgmlio!l - .1'• thm is" Hrtd of F.ntttpti.ll 1 •111,nlfi•11. - F.NtrtptiN IJII'I,mliM .un JJ:IiJ I# Itt tht i~ltfiiJliiNJ ofmrio:u nlfitJ #f/NisiJii$f(i i• o Ji!lflt sojhtt11r. Enterprise SystemJ • Tlim it a ll(tr/ to mare mtopJise [)'JftJJIS rtt/J tnltNitft ttdJJlo!ogiu - jtlni Stn{tiJ. - )rim Dnltt&n UIIRtditi{J {/DTJQ. - }om Srntr Put;t.J 2 /.;";Nitrpriw Etltifon 0217F.). - J' ·luJ!r morr. AdvaNtages of Java Se1vlct Tccbnolo._zy • Smwts art JRbrt d/ifitAI that trotlitiD11nl CCI programs. • Stw!tU ( Oif bt iJ:rotpQra!ttl m~b olbtr jniXl ltcbr.o/ogiff li.U ]SJ> and ]DBC S rmltU ot~ s'!ft. S emlriS pmtJtflt a compo11wl·bt1mi, ph(fomNildej>mdtlll lllttbod for buildi11g tvtb-btuul upplirotioll!. • Sttvlett btu a Jfi/>POI1 I!{ n~b .ft- wtb mvn: St~vltt.r 1!1111t a life o•de t/Jal ituludtt iml() and tlui!!!J'() .rlagu. JDBC: ]atJa DataBase Co!lmt'livity • ]DBC i1 a StoAdord Query l.at~glltJ8t (JQLJ database o«tss API. Providu pn;gmt/111/ttY 1vitb tt llll{forlll inttlfoce to arws ttodOltf t!atabtucs nog,ardleff o/ t!fffmtJctS i tt illlj>leJIItltfalion. XMJ.J Technology Xl\1L Jltmtft for eXttlltible Markup l.otJ,glfage. Ftoturv of XJ.1L - Al'-11• J!K .!fillb• installtd aJid t'O!?Jigmld IVving t!JJ: front tnt! 1vith )SP .• ~b:Ozg11r Aklullc will JIJOI'k 011 ibir projttl. Mon~ge the data 1110rt tjfitiMI/y. Mr.Sacbli1 Cbi11tbofikar will n•ork OJJthis prry'ttf. lmp!Vl!t tbe midd!tJJJaJ~ peifomtanct Jvilh ]2EE. Mr.IV:Jja11i SndaJbivon nli/1 work OJ/ this projttl. • Dn~tlop Rmm11J-Rmon11 rollobomli011 m:ter ll>ing nn·biterfllml ji'OIJitiiJOrk o/ N -QIIet/11 npplitnlim:. Mi:}Jilal Ynldiz n·illwork Oil Ibis pnyecl. D e1no ll.ft l'tltio 11 • DtmQI/.J/mtioJI o[the N -Queens Af!Pikotion. 33
This paper studies the effects of differences in local administrative burdens in Italy in the years 2005–2007 preceding a major reform that sped up firm registration procedures. Combining regulatory data from a survey on Italian provinces before the reform (costs and time to start a business) with industry-level entry rates of limited liability firms, it explores the effects of regulatory barriers on the average of the annual entry rates across industries with different natural propensities to enter the market. The estimates of the cross-sectional analysis show that lengthier and, to some extent, more costly procedures reduced entry in sectors with naturally high entry. A one-day delay in registration procedures reduces the entry rate in highly dynamic sectors by more than 1 percent. These results hold when I include measures of local financial development and of efficiency of bankruptcy procedures are included.
In 2011, the World Bank Group commenced a multiyear program designed to support countries in systematically examining and strengthening the performance of their education system. Part of the World Bank's new Education Section Strategy, this evidence-based initiative, called SABER (Systems Approach for Better Education Results), is building a toolkit of diagnostics for examining education system and their component policy domains against global standards and best practices of countries around the world. The objectives of this report are to examine the system according to key policy areas, identify successes and challenges in the system, and provide recommendations to support the advancement of EMIS in Solomon Islands. Recommendations and activities aim to improve overall EMIS functionality in a sustainable and effective manner to ensure better access and use of information for decision making, planning, and student learning. This profile summarizes key points are as follows: Institutionalization of EMIS as the core management information system of the government will require strong policies and a dedicated EMIS budget. The policy should include clearly outlined mandatory practices to be adopted by various education stakeholders at each level of the education system. Efforts should be made to improve the local capacity of EMIS staff by investing in their professional development activities. EAs should be involved in the process of data collection, processing, and dissemination. The type of data collected and indicators produced by EMIS must be reviewed and further developed to include student level data. Integration of other education databases into EMIS will result in more effective utilization of education data for decision making. EMIS needs to be supported by regular internal and external audits to improve the accuracy of data collected and utilized indecision making. The quality of feedback reports sent to schools should be enriched with more relevant micro level information on school performance. Clearly articulated data utilization and dissemination strategies need to be developed, including processes to ensure the timely production of an annual statistics handbook, as well as additional utilization and dissemination opportunities such as pamphlets and web-based portals.
1. Abbott Laboratories : Medicare fraud (2003) -- 2. Abbott Laboratories : off-label marketing of Depakote (2012) -- 3. Abercrombie & Fitch : employment-related race discrimination (2004) -- 4. Adelphia communications : securities fraud (2005) -- 5. Ahold : accounting fraud related to wholesale food vending (2005) -- 6. AIG : bid rigging, securities fraud, and tax evasion (2006) -- 7. AIG and PNC Financial Services : securities fraud (2003-2004) -- 8. Alabama Power : clean air act violations (2006) -- 9. American Electric Power : clean air act violations (2006) -- 10. AOL-Time Warner : securities fraud (2005) -- 11. Apple : collusion in the pricing of e-books (2013) -- 12. AstraZeneca : financial misconduct in the marketing of Zoladex (2003) -- 13. AstraZeneca : off-label marketing of Seroquel (2011-2013) -- 14. Bank of America, UBS, GE Capital, and Wells Fargo : fraud in the municipal bond business (2012) -- 15. Bank of America and Countrywide Financial : mortgage fraud (2011) -- 16. Bank of America and Merrill Lynch : employment discrimination against women financial advisors (2013) -- 17. Bank of America and Merrill Lynch : mortgage fraud (2012) -- 18. Bayer and GlaxoSmithKline : Medicaid fraud and overcharging for medication (2003) -- 19. Bernard L. Madoff securities : operating a Ponzi scheme -- 20. Beverly Enterprises : medicare fraud (2000) -- 21. Blodget, Henry : securities fraud while at CIBC Oppenheimer and Merrill Lynch (2003) -- 22. Boeing : employment-related gender discrimination (2005) -- 23. Boeing : violating military contract procurement rules (2004) -- 24. BP : largest oil spill in American history (2010) -- 25. Bridgestone and Ford : manufacturing and design defects causing tire blowouts and ensuing crashes (2001-2005) -- 26. Burlington Northern : genetic testing in violation fo the Americans with Disabilities Act (2001) -- 27. Chiquita : engaging in transactions with a specially designated global terrorist organization (2007) -- 28. ChoicePoint : breaches in company security systems resulting in customer identity theft (2005) -- 29. Citigroup : mortgage fraud (2011 and 2012) -- 30. Coca-Cola : racial discrimination related to employment (2001) -- 31. Computer chip manufacturers (Hynix, Infineon, and Samsung) : price-fixing (2004-2010) -- 32. Countrywide Financial and Angelo Mozilo : fraud and insider trading (2010) -- 33. Dell : accounting fraud (2010) -- 34. Dial : workplace sexual harassment (2003) -- 35. Dominion Energy : Clean Air Act violations (2003) -- 36. DuPont : toxic contamination related to chemical production (2002-2011) -- 37. Eli Lilly : off-label marketing of Zyprexa (2009) -- 38. Enron Corporation : financial fraud (2006) -- 39. Equifax : failing to correct false information on a credit report (2013) -- 40. ExxonMobil : Clean Water Act violations involving oil spills on Navajo lands (2005) -- 41. Food processors (ADM, Cargill, and Tate and Lyle) : price-fixing related to food additives (1998-2004) -- 42. Galleon Group and Raj Rajaratnam : insider trading (2011) -- 43. General Motors : product liability related to the design and placement of gas tanks (1999-2003) -- 44. GlaxoSmithKline : blocking generic entries to the market (2004) -- 45. GlaxoSmithKline : illegal marketing and promotion of pharmaceutical products (2012) -- 46. Goldman Sachs : mortgage securities fraud (2010) -- 47. Halliburton : product liability related to asbestos production and usage (2001-2005) -- 48. Hospital Corporation of America : Medicare fraud (2000 and 2002) -- 49. Hospital Corporation of America : patient neglect (2012) -- 50. HSBC : money laundering (2012) -- 51. IBM : age discrimination resulting from pension plan conversion (2004) -- 52. Invesco Funds : mutual fund trading violations (2004) -- 53. ITT : violations of the Arms Export Control Act (2007) -- 54. Johnson & Johnson : bribery of foreign health care providers and administrators (2011) -- 55. JPMorgan Chase : manipulation of energy markets (2013) -- 56. JPMorgan Chase : mortgage fraud (2013) -- 57. JPMorgan Chase : unlawful military foreclosures and evictions (2011) -- 58. JPMorgan Chase and Credit Suisse : misleading investors (2012) -- 59. Koch Industries : Clean Water Act violations related to oil spills (2000) -- 60. KPMG : tax fraud (2005) -- 61. Lippo Group : U.S. Campaign Law violations (2001) -- 62. Lucent : securities fraud (2004) -- 63. Medco : Medicare fraud (2006) -- 64. Merck : improper marketing of pharmaceuticals (2007 and 2011) -- 65. Merrill Lynch : employment discrimination against African American financial advisors (2012) -- 66. Microsoft : antitrust violation related to Internet Explorer bundling (2001) -- 67. Microsoft : antitrust violations related to software overcharges (2003-2007) -- 68. Microsoft : patent infringement (2011) -- 69. Morgan Stanley : employment-related gender discrimination/sexual harassment (2004) -- 70. Mortgage-Holding Banks, including Aurora Bank, Bank of America, Citibank, JPMorgan Chase, MetLife Bank, PNC, Sovereign, SunTrust, U.S. Bank, and Wells Fargo : illegal mortgage foreclosures (2013) -- 71. National Century Financial Enterprises : financial fraud in the health care sector (2009) -- 72. National Football League : collusion in player head trauma (2013) -- 73. Natural gas producers (Anadarko, ChevronTexaco, ConocoPhillips, Devon, Exxon, and Kerr-McGee) : fraud related to natural gas royalty underpayments (2007-2012) -- 74. New Century Financial : securities fraud related to subprime mortgages (2007) -- 75. Newmont Mining : environmental contamination (2006) -- 76. Nike : making false commercial statements (2003) -- 77. Orthopedic firms (Biomet, DePuy Orthopedics, Smith & Nephew, Stryker Corporation, and Zimmer Holdings) : illegal kickbacks to physicians (2007) -- 78. Petroleum refiners (31 Companies) : Oil Refinery Clean Air Act violations (2004-2007) -- 79. Pfizer : off-label marketing of Bextra (2009) -- 80. Philip Morris and R.J. Reynolds : wholesale practices that encouraged cigarette smuggling (2004 and 2010) -- 81. Ralphs Grocery : criminal labor law violations (2006) -- 82. Royal Dutch Shell : oil reserve overstatements (2002-2009) -- 83. SAC Capital : insider trading (2013) -- 84. Schering-Plough : improper marketing of pharmaceuticals (2002 and 2006) -- 85. Serono : health care fraud and illegal marketing (2005) -- 86. Taco Bell : copyright infringement and contract violations (2009) -- 87. Tenet Health Care Corporation : Medicare fraud (2006) -- 88. Tenet Health Care Corporation and Redding Medical Center : unnecessary heart surgeries (2004 and 2005) -- 89. UBS : conspiracy to defraud the U.S. government and tax fraud (2009) -- 90. United Technologies : Arms Export Control Act violations (2012) -- 91. Visa and MasterCard : price-fixing related to swipe fees (2012) -- 92. Wall Street analysts including Credit Suisse, First Boston, Merrill Lynch, Salomon Smith Barney (a Division of Citigroup), Bear Stearns, UBS Warburg, Goldman Sachs, Piper Jaffray, JPMorgan Chase, Lehman Brothers, Morgan Stanley : conflict of interest in investment banking activities (2003) -- 93. Walmart : wage and hour violations (2007-2010) -- 94. Wegelin & Company : conspiracy to commit tax fraud (2012) -- 95. WellPoint : underpayments to physicians (2005) -- 96. Wells Fargo : civil rights violations related to lending practices (2009) -- 97. Williams Companies, Inc. : stock fraud (2006) -- 98. Wood products manufacturers (Boise Cascade, Georgia-Pacific, Louisiana-Pacific, Weyerhaeuser, and Willamette) : Clean Air Act violations (1993-2002) -- 99. WorldCom CEO Bernard Ebbers : accounting fraud (2005) -- 100. Wyeth : product liability related to Fen-Phen (1997-2013).
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Artificial intelligence systems are currently deployed in many areas of human activity. Such systems are increasingly assigned tasks that involve taking decisions about people or predicting future behaviours. These decisions are commonly regarded as fairer and more objective than those taken by humans, as AI systems are thought to be resistant to such influences as emotions or subjective beliefs. In reality, using such a system does not guarantee either objectivity or fairness. This article describes the phenomenon of bias in AI systems and the role of humans in creating it. 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Why do we teach cartography? The need for cartographic education: In our day to day life, on an individual or societal level there is a continual need or even demand for geospatial information. On an individual level this need is expressed by questions like: Where am I?, How far away is my new doctor's office?, Which route should I take to get to my destination based on current traffic patterns? Other questions may include: What is the spatial extent of my land parcel? What do I have permission to build on my parcel? On a societal level questions include: What cities suffer from high unemployment? What are the most efficient spots to build a new wind farm? Where is the optimal place to build a new road without fragmenting important species habitats? To offer answers to these questions, geographic information systems (GIS) including tools and instruments have been developed. The most important communication tool to foster decision making, as part of a GIS, is the map. Reality is too complex to comprehend with the naked eye. Therefore patterns are often missed, maps and other cartographic models are an interface between humans and the reality used to abstract, symbolized, a simplify view of the world. These maps then allow us to view spatial patterns and relationships between objects in the world. The world cannot do without maps. Why? Because they tell us about spatial issues on both local and global scale that influence our lives. How? Maps are the most effective and the most efficient tools to into and overview of geographical data which help us answer spatio-temporal questions and to provide new insight. What is ongoing in our world? Trends in our domain: yesterday, today and tomorrow: Looking at the timeline of our domain, cartography, we could argue that after a long period where maps where seen as artifacts, maps are now considered to be interactive and dynamic (web) services, and in the near future we move to human centered cognitive map displays that are immersive and ubiquitous. Yesterday, the map could be considered an artifact, a static object, on paper or on a screen. The map stores the information and can no longer be changed. The user did not play a prominent role in map design. Today, with the internet, there has been a huge increase in data access and generation resulting in maps being produced and used especial to satisfy individual location-based queries such as 'Where am I right now' and 'How-do-I-get-there?' questions. Societal questions are answered by maps available via automated services accessible via dedicated portals. Today maps are no longer artifacts, but provided as a digital map services. However, tomorrow the map will yet again be different. We are able to sense and monitor the world real time and ubiquitously, including human users' spatial abilities, emotions, needs and requirements. With developments in interface design including more opportunities for 3d/4d/Virtual Reality/Augmented Reality Human-Computer-Interfaces are becoming even "closer" to our human processing system. Maps will increasingly become human-centered, highly interactive, dynamic and adjustable visual displays. Purpose: What are the cartographic consequences of these developments? Required cartographic competences: The above developments have resulted in the expansion of what define the existing established cartographic method: making geospatial data and information accessible for users to foster discovery and insight into and overview of spatiotemporal data. Map design, including fundamentals such as projection, scale, generalization and symbolization, remain core to cartography. Yesterday, cartographic education was focused on how to optimally create fixed graphical representations at a defined scale constrained by the media, but with an eye for syntactical as well as graphical/aesthetical quality. Today knowledge and skills cartographers require have expanded, and they include an understanding of Spatial Data Infrastructures (SDI) that house Big Data and Data Science, Web Services, Programming, Style Definitions, Algorithms, Semantic web and Linked Data and Interactivity and other relevant technological skills. Increasingly, more attention has also been, and will have to be, paid to use and user (requirement) analysis and usability assessment. Users will simple not use cartographic services that are not enjoyable and do not help them meet their goals. We will continue to conduct usability evaluations in new sensing and map display environments. Based on technological advances and social uptake thereof, tomorrow will yet again ask for an adaption of the cartographic education and research dealing more and more with the "human" embodied experience. Figure 1a shows the relation among the current skills and competences a cartographer needs. In the center of the triangle the map and the cartographic method. Data, Media and Users are found around. Knowledge and skills about data handling refer to selection, integration and abstraction, as well as analysis. Media skills and knowledge are about the interface, interaction, adapted design, technology and coding. Users refers to usability (enjoyment), cognition, perception, sensors (robots) and requirements. In Figure 1b the changing paradigm of the map as interface between human and reality as seen yesterday, today and tomorrow. How do we do it? Our MSc Cartography: The Erasmus Mundus Master of Science in Cartography program is characterized by its worldwide unique profile and comprehensive and in-depth cartographic lectures and lab works. All four partner universities (see involved authors) jointly developed and defined the learning outcomes after intensive cooperation and consultation. The program takes all theoretical as well as practical aspects of the broad and interdisciplinary field of cartography into account. Graduates of the program are able to meet the variety of requirements placed on a cartographer today. An obvious strength of this program is the clear research-driven orientation of selected lectures, e.g. visual analytics, web and mobile cartography and the close binding of M.Sc. topics to ongoing research projects. Students in the Cartography program learn how to develop and evaluate cartographic tools on the basis of firmly established theories and methods. The focus lays in developing and applying scientific methods and techniques to improve geo-information services for a diverse range of heterogeneous users. Another added value of the program is its educational execution in locations across Europe, a historic center of excellence in the field of cartography, integrating it within interdisciplinary fields. Excellently educated students from this program will fill the gaps not only in the cartographic research community and geosciences, but also in other related research fields that address the global challenges as defined by bodies like the United Nations or the European Union.