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This special dinner was one of the first gatherings after my father died, and I remember that we all toasted my motherfor what she gave us and did for us.  Wewere pretty determined to let her kno My father died just before Father's Day six years ago.  He knew he was dying, and every time he thought he had a few days left, he called to, well, repeat the same lecture as his hearing (and personality) limited conversations.  My mother died yesterday, just a few days after one of the only mother's days we didn't connect.  She had been in a rehab facility after a hospital stay, and I was in Germany, preparing to come back.  I had meant to call her when I got back, but I ended up pushing it to Saturday afternoon.  It was too late.  I had been determined over the past few years to tell her how I felt about her, how much I loved her, how much she shaped me, how much I owed her, so I am not so fussed about missing the chance for one last call.  She was 92, and the last few years and especially the last few months were progressively more difficult for her so this was not a surprise.  My mother was simply the least self-centered person, most other-centered person I have ever met.  While she was a great cook, whenever there was a more burnt piece or a smaller piece, she saved those for herself.  I can't remember a time where her preferences overrode anyone else's.  She, for instance, did not enjoy the Barbie movie last summer, but she gamely went while most of her brood (her siblings, and much of the next gen) were in town for our summer vacation.  She would have preferred Oppenheimer.My mother was an awesome grandmother, and her legacy is this group of sharp, funny,fierce, left-wing women.Speaking of nuclear war, my mother is the one that got me interested in politics and history and international relations.  I don't have memories of specific conversations, but I do remember talking to her about this stuff. And one of my very first political memories is of watching her celebrate Nixon's resignation.  She was a fierce liberal, always wanting government to do right by those who were less fortunate.  While she had an appreciation for Jack Kennedy's looks, she was an FDR woman through and through.  She could talk New Deal as long as you wanted.  I got my sense of justice and outrage from her (and from my daughter).  While she never got to see a woman be president, she did get to see the most FDR-ish president in her last few years. A pre-Steve pic of the familyMy mother went back to work when I was in 3rd grade or so, working for the Naval Aviation Supply Office near Philly. That was fun for me as she told me about the cool planes that she would order parts for, ones that would make the news like the Harrier and the P-3. She would visit Hawaii and Guam as part of her job to connect with those on the other side of the supply chain.  Only now have I realized we never talked about what those meetings were about. Her first job, pre-kids, was in advertising in the 1950s in New York.  Which made her very uninterested in watching Mad Men.  My mother shared her empathy with us, so that we cared about what happened to others.  It really was a defining characteristic.  I now I am being repetitive about her "other-ness" but it sticks out. A second defining characteristic was that she didn't want to be her mother-in-law--she wanted to be a far more supportive, loving one.  In that, she wildly succeeded.  She was so good to my wife and so sweet to my daughter.  She subsidized my daughter's private school in Montreal so that we could move there and understand my daughter's teachers.  She also gave us money to invest for my daughter's education so that she could go to any school she wanted.  I am pretty sure that the various relatives of ours who came out had no fear that she would ostracize them.  Maybe if they came out as a Trumper, but LGBTQ?  No worries there.One could confuse her going along with everyone else as passivity, but not when one of her children needed her.  Then the momma bear would come out.  When we moved to Maryland, I was about five years old, ready to go to kindergarten.  They had me take an ethnically biased IQ test that I failed--for instance, the picture I picked as the best breakfast was not the bowl with steam coming from it but the round thing with a whole in it--a bagel.  Nope, it was a donut.  My mom went in and yelled at them.  I guess I got placed in a normal kindergarten track as a result. She also helped us push our father into getting us Candy who was the sweetest poodle.Last summer, we played some ginand some scrabble with her.  At 91,she was still quite on top of her gameeven as her NYT crossword puzzlingsuffered a bit.My mother was very smart, very curious, and very aware not just of her family but of the larger things.  Her politics, as mentioned above, were liberal in the most positive of ways.  She gave money to liberal politicians, she gave much time and effort to mental health organizations, and she gave her insights to us.  I am most grateful that her brilliance only dimmed at the very end, the last few months, as hospital visits made a dent. 
Her memory was still so very clear, and I only wish she was more
aggressive in sharing her stories.  She would tell them, but mostly when
pushed, and I regret not being so good at getting more out of her.  My mother loved to travel and she loved fine dining.  My father and her got to visit almost every place in the world that they wanted.  She would have liked to keep traveling, but that got progressively more difficult.  My father's death put a big dent into the eating out as she grew up never eating out alone.  And then the pandemic struck, limiting our ability to visit.  Each of her four kids would take her out for dinner when we visited so that she could enjoy this one thing she could still do.  But for a couple of the last years of her life, she was pretty much trapped at home.  When I did visit recently, we would explore the streaming stuff, and we had a mixed record of finding stuff that she liked.  "It's ok" was about as negative a thing she would say.  She did find Breaking Bad to be engaging when I introduced it to her.That she had no one to eat with except when we visited meant that she could not menace the sidewalks of Philadelphia with her scooter.  She was always an excellent driver--she taught most of us (all?) how to drive as she had far more patience than my father--and had an excellent memory of which sidewalks were intact and which ones were not.  I got much exercise trying to keep up with her as she scooted, even crossing against lights if there were no traffic (which is another thing I got from her).   I got to learn which sites in Phillywere scooter-compatible including this park by the Delaware River.  We got in the habit of zooming twice a week when we were all locked down during the pandemic.  Given that we didn't have that much to talk about, given that none of us were doing anything interesting and we got tired of talking about politics, we started playing various games.  I found a Chuck Klosterman card set that would ask people about very strange hypothetical scenarios, and then we'd find out how each of us would behave.  It was most illuminating what my mother would and would not do for herself and for the greater good.Which gets me to the last thing I wanted to mention here.  My mother had the sneakiest sense of humor.  She would mostly listen--either in these zooms or when we got
together--but she had the sharpest zingers (never mean ones, well, not
at us anyway).  More than once we laughed really hard and could barely
breathe.  So, she was game to wear a tiara for her 90th birthday party.  She could be silly even as she was not a fan of silly tv/movies (see the Barbie reference above)     My mother was very much the matriarch who held our family together.  We could have split apart, but her kindness, her patience, her tenacity, her sweetness, and her love kept us together.  For that and for everything else, I will be forever grateful.  I wish her last few years were not so frustrating and solitary, but she knew she was loved, that her kids and her grandkids appreciated her and were doing well with their lives.  I couldn't find my digital stash of older pics that are mostly pictures of pictures my father took.  Will post more of those when I figure out which folder they are in.

Today marks a solemn anniversary in Brazil: 60 years ago, the Brazilian military seized power from the government of João Goulart, marking the start of over two decades of military rule. Brazil's 2014 Truth Commission report is the country's only formal investigation into this period of dictatorial rule. The commission's 2,000-page report revealed some grisly details of the dictatorship's human rights abuses, identified over 400 individuals killed by the military, and shed light on Brazil's role in destabilizing other Latin American countries.To assist with the Truth Commission, then-Vice President Joe Biden hand-delivered declassified State Department records to former Brazilian President Dilma Rousseff — who herself had been imprisoned and tortured by the military regime. The records offered details about the dictatorship and Washington's enabling of abuses, including a cable from former Ambassador to Brazil William Rountree arguing that condemning the regime's human rights "excesses" would be "counterproductive." Biden's delivery of the declassified records was symbolic, since the U.S. had supported the coup. The U.S. solidified its support for the putschists the year prior, drew up plans for a U.S. invasion if deemed necessary, and sent a naval task force to Brazil to support the military plotters. In the end, direct U.S. involvement wasn't needed — Goulart fled to Uruguay by April 4. The coup was carried out by Brazil's generals, but Washington celebrated it as a victory for its interests nonetheless. On the one hand, U.S. support for the coup laid bare the hypocrisy of America's supposed commitment to sovereignty and democracy. Gone was the Kennedy administration's promise to reject a "Pax Americana enforced on the world by American weapons of war." The Cold War logic of siding with anti-communist dictators for the purpose of defeating the Soviet Union prevailed. Washington may have lost China, but it won Brazil — or so the thinking went. However, even the most cynical arguments for aligning with undemocratic regimes for a strategic purpose often failed to bear fruit, given that many of these regimes departed from U.S. policy on key issues. Many historians of the U.S.-Brazil relationship contend that during this period their ties at times more closely resembled rivals rather than close partners. Rubens Ricupero, a former diplomat and minister of finance of Brazil, writes that, "Little by little, doubts turn[ed] into disappointment, and this le[d] to gradual disengagement in relation to the regime they had helped to create."When it first took power, Brazil's military dictatorship closely followed Washington's lead. Goulart was out, as was his "Independent Foreign Policy," a non-alignment stance that emphasized self-determination, decolonization, and non-intervention, devised by the ousted president's predecessor, Janio Quadros. In line with Washington's desires, the dictatorship, which rotated through five different military general-presidents between 1964 and 1985, broke off relations with Cuba and even assisted the U.S. in its occupation of the Dominican Republic in 1965.Washington also saw Brazil as a key ideological partner in destabilizing leftist regimes across Latin America. As one Brazilian general put it, the United States wanted Brazil "to do the dirty work." And it did. Most prominently, the Brazilian regime played a critical role in the overthrow of the democratically-elected government of Salvador Allende in Chile,. even secretly bringing members of the Chilean military to Brazil to discuss the potential coup. Brazil under the generals also participated in Operation Condor, the secret cooperation of right-wing military dictatorships in much of Latin America to assassinate, or "disappear" perceived leftists and other dissidents during the 1970s.Over time, the Brazilian regime's alignment with the U.S. waned and tensions bubbled up. Dr. Luiz Alberto Moniz Bandeira writes in his book "Brazil-United States: An Emerging Rivalry," that "automatic alignment with State Department guidelines could no longer continue for long, as it no longer effectively corresponded to the national interests of a developing country that aspired to become a power." Despite the fact that the U.S. wanted the benefits of outsourcing its dirty work, it was not willing to accept the consequences that came with greater military autonomy for Brazil. Dr. Eduardo Svartman, a political science professor at the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, told Responsible Statecraft that one early issue that emerged was over Brazil's request for F-5 fighter jets."In the eyes of American politicians, if the great threat in Latin America was communist insurgents, there was no point to sell or transfer modern supersonic fighter jets to Latin American countries when helicopters would do the job much better," Svartman said. The Brazilian government disagreed, believing it was important to have a modern military in order to project power in South America. The generals accordingly grew more reliant on Europe, buying several Mirage fighter aircrafts from France. They eventually pushed the F-5 sale through several years later, but it was an early lesson that the U.S. may not be their most reliable partner. Though the U.S. remained an important supplier of critical components for Brazil's burgeoning national arms industry, Brazil's supply of U.S.-made arms imports decreased from 92% to 14% of its total arsenal over the course of the dictatorship. The U.S. also grew frustrated with Brazil's move towards positions associated with the non-aligned movement. Though Brazil was never a full member of the movement, in the early 1970s, it supported the decolonization of the Lusophone countries in Africa, emphasized non-intervention, and recognized the MPLA in Angola. Elements of the Independent Brazilian Foreign Policy had returned. Perhaps the biggest source of tension between the U.S. and Brazil was over the development of a nuclear program. Brazil refused to join the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, arguing that nuclear technology was vital for its development. After the U.S. suspended the supply of enriched uranium for Brazil's research reactors, the regime turned to West Germany and negotiated a major nuclear agreement in 1975.In an internal report, the CIA claimed that Brazil's nuclear ambitions posed a "fundamental challenge" to U.S.-Brazil relations. Without informing the Brazilians, newly-elected Vice President Walter Mondale tried to lobby the German government to cancel the agreement. Washington also grew frustrated with the generals' authoritarianism and human rights abuses. The regime passed a series of "institutional acts" — the first of which came just days after the coup — that gave them sweeping powers, including suspending the rights of opposition leaders and power to declare a recess in Congress. Ricupero writes that "with each new attack on the legal order or violation of rights, the embassy in Rio de Janeiro was forced into dialectical contortions to calm the State Department's unrest." Pressure on rising authoritarianism and the nuclear issue came to a head during the Carter administration, which applied human rights as a criteria for military assistance more directly. After the Carter State Department criticized Brazil for its human rights abuses in 1977, the Brazilian government retaliated by suspending the Joint Military Commission between the U.S. and Brazil, its Naval Mission, and a long-standing bilateral military accord. According to Washington's then-ambassador to Brasilia, Robert Sayre, "U.S.-Brazil relations just went to pieces."Despite a brief rapprochement with the election of Ronald Reagan as president in 1980, Brazil became critical of Washington's revival of more interventionist policies under his administration. Washington's decision to side with Britain against neighboring Argentina during the Falklands/Malvinas War in 1982 confirmed Brazilian suspicions that the U.S. was not a reliable partner. For the first time ever, "the hypothesis of war with the United States became an object of study in the Armed Forces," writes Bandeira.Brazil also opposed the so-called Reagan Doctrine, which sought to overthrow leftist governments in Central America and southern Africa. The U.S. had become not just a distant partner but something altogether new: an emerging rival. Many of these disputes between the two countries remained well into the period of democratization that began in 1985. There is a lot that is still unknown about this chapter in Brazil's history, and the U.S.' relationship to the military regime. Peter Kornbluh, a senior analyst at the National Security Archive who also served as the liaison between the U.S. and Brazilian governments for the Truth Commission, estimates there are still thousands of records that remain classified, including many sensitive records from the CIA and the Department of Defense. "[T]he degree to which the United States is sitting on documentation about repression in Brazil is the degree to which the United States is not assisting Brazilian society in reminding itself about the horrors of what happened behind closed doors in secret detention centers," Kornbluh told Responsible Statecraft.To start, President Biden could honor a request from 16 Brazilian civil society organizations to declassify these records. The groups' appeal states that declassification would "provide valuable information about human rights violations committed during the Brazilian dictatorship and clarify the degree of the United States' involvement in or knowledge of these events. This act of transparency would also strengthen the foundations of the U.S.-America relationship, fostering trust and collaboration on important issues such as human rights, democracy, and regional stability." The Luiz Inácio "Lula" da SiIva government is unlikely to formally request these documents from Biden himself. In an effort to appease leaders of the Brazilian Armed Forces who still hold the 21-year dictatorship in high regard, Lula controversially canceled all formal demonstrations of the 60th anniversary. But even without an official commemoration, millions of Brazilians from Manaus in the Amazon to Florianopolis in the far south are organizing demonstrations to send a message of "dictatorship never again."

The absence of any viable plan for governing the Gaza Strip after the Israeli military's devastation of the territory has increasingly been noted by puzzled commentators both here and abroad. That absence is remarkable in view of the scale of the Israeli military assault and the carnage it has caused. The number of Palestinians in Gaza whom Israeli attacks have killed has now passed 10,000. One would have to go back to the fighting in 1948 — in what Israelis call their war for independence and Palestinians call the Nakba — to see a Palestinian death toll of comparable magnitude.The Biden administration seems to have spent nearly all of its considerable time and attention on this crisis in trying first to exude support for Israel and then, in the face of the lethal Israeli assault on Gaza — which in one month has killed more children than have been killed in all the conflicts in the world in any full year since 2019 — saying it is trying to restrain Israeli excesses. It has said very little about what should, or will, come after the bloodshed in Gaza.Secretary of State Antony Blinken, in a press appearance after a recent G7 meeting, mentioned several criteria for post-war Gaza, including no blockade or siege, no reoccupation, no reduction of the territory, and no use of it as a base for terrorism. Those criteria are reasonable but left unanswered basic questions about exactly who would govern the Gaza Strip and how.In response to questions, Blinken later said that Gaza should be united with the West Bank under the Palestinian Authority (PA), which under the Israeli military occupation performs limited functions in portions of the West Bank. This vision is infeasible for multiple reasons, chief of which is that the PA, as the obsolete residue of what was supposed to have been a five-year transitional arrangement after the 1993 Oslo Accords, is widely unpopular among Palestinians. Fatah, which controls the PA, lost to Hamas in the last Palestinian election in 2006. Since then, the PA has become increasingly discredited as little more than a security auxiliary to the Israeli occupation.It is questionable whether the PA and its president, Mahmoud Abbas, would even want to assume such responsibilities. The chaos and destruction following the Israeli assault on the Gaza Strip would present an enormous challenge for any governing body, and to be seen riding into Gaza, figuratively speaking, on the back of an Israeli tank would discredit the PA further in the eyes of many Palestinians.Moreover, successive Israeli governments under Benjamin Netanyahu have striven to prevent any leader or body from being able to speak for Palestinians in both Gaza and the West Bank. Netanyahu went so far in the past as to channel Qatari money to Hamas as a rival to the PA, and to withhold tax revenues from the PA whenever it showed any sign of reconciling with Hamas. Such divide-and-rule tactics were all in the interest, as Netanyahu told a meeting of his Likud party, of preventing the establishment of a Palestinian state and sustaining Israel's argument that it has no "negotiating partner" for creating such a state.Netanyahu himself has so far been no more specific about postwar arrangements than Blinken. He has merely said that Israel probably will retain "security responsibility" for the Gaza Strip for an indefinite period.The absence of a feasible and specific post-war plan for the Gaza Strip is even less excusable with Israel itself than with the United States, given that Israel is the one inflicting the current devastation, but that absence may be more comprehensible. The ongoing assault is in large part a matter of uncontrolled rage and revenge following Hamas's brutal attack in southern Israel on October 7. When Isaac Herzog, who occupies Israel's largely ceremonial presidency and is a relative moderate in Israeli political terms, says there are "no innocent civilians in Gaza" and that the entire Palestinian nation is "responsible" for what happened on October 7, this reflects how much sheer rage and unfocused hatred are driving Israeli policies — which is not an environment conducive to careful advance planning.The notion that "destroying Hamas" must take overriding priority and be accomplished before any cease-fire, or even serious planning about what comes after, misinterprets the source of any future security threats to Israeli citizens emanating from Gaza. It also is a prescription for unending war in Gaza.Hamas is much more than the military wing that perpetrated the atrocity of October 7. It is both the de facto civil administration of a territory of some two million people, and a nationalist movement whose goal has always been the establishment of a Palestinian state with an Islamist tint. If Hamas really could be "destroyed" — and as a movement and a nationalist aspiration that is impossible — that would leave huge questions about the day-to-day administration of the Gaza Strip, on matters ranging from health care to electrical power generation.The Israelis assert that their bombardment, with sometimes 300 or 400 sorties in a day, is carefully directed at what the Israelis call "terrorist targets" rather than the civilian life of Palestinians. That assertion is not credible, given the sheer breadth and scale of the resulting destruction, statements such as Herzog's that reveal the operation to be collective punishment of the Palestinian people, the opacity of Israel's targeting process, and the fact that the security services that are doing the targeting are the same ones that missed Hamas's October 7 attack.A result is that the assault may be causing even more damage to what is needed for administration of the Gaza Strip than to would-be perpetrators of more armed violence against Israel. As Nathan Brown of George Washington University observes, with the political wing of Hamas being a softer target than the military wing, "There is a significant possibility that the military wing will actually increase its hold on the organization — and that it will identify any postwar governance that targets the movement as collaboration with Israeli efforts to eliminate it." Discussions have begun within the U.S. government and elsewhere about a possible international peacekeeping or other presence in Gaza, but any such arrangements would address only the short term and involve limited services. Even a special-purpose international presence might be difficult to arrange. With United Nations Secretary General Antonio Guterres reporting that 92 people working with the U.N. agency that serves Palestinian refugees having been killed by Israeli attacks in the Gaza Strip, any hesitation about an expanded U.N. role there would be understandable. Arab states in the region would be reluctant to take on responsibilities in Gaza for the same general reasons as the Palestinian Authority. Any U.S. or Western presence, especially given Western policies supporting the Israeli war, would be seen by many as another form of foreign occupation.No matter how hard Israel tries to "destroy" Hamas, Israeli citizens will not be secure from violence connected to Gaza until and unless Israel permits self-determination by the Palestinian people. And no matter how vehemently one condemns the condemnable atrocity that Hamas perpetrated on October 7, it is still just as true that this was no piece of evil that came out of the blue but instead was a violent manifestation of anger very much related to decades-long occupation, blockade, and subjugation of one nation by another.Now, in addition to that long-brewing resentment is the additional anger from Israeli violence that has brought a Palestinian death toll to five figures within one month, in addition to immense other suffering in the Gaza Strip. If Hamas in its present form is somehow destroyed, future violent manifestations of that anger will come from some other form of Hamas, or from other groups or individuals. As former U.S. ambassador to Israel Daniel Kurtzer notes, "Because it is a movement, rather than a standing army, Hamas understands that for every fighter killed and for every civilian killed, it will be able to recruit new militant adherents."Lately, Israeli officials have tried to rationalize the civilian casualties from their attacks by recalling the civilian casualties from U.S. and allied operations in past wars, such as from bombing against Germany in World War II and the dropping of atomic bombs against Japan. The intended implication is that sometimes many innocents need to be killed to get a successful military result leading to a better and more peaceful future.But this Israeli analogy omits a crucial piece of political follow-up. After the allies' military victory and initial post-war occupations, the independent German Federal Republic was created in 1949, and full sovereignty was restored to Japan three years later.Imagine an alternative history in which the U.S. occupation of Japan continued indefinitely, with the Japanese denied political rights and any say in how their nation was managed. Imagine further that the occupation included pushing many Japanese off their land and replacing them with American settlers, and confining other Japanese to an open-air prison subject to a suffocating blockade. Violent resistance, including many forms of terrorism, would be the certain result.That alternative would be the true analogy to what has been taking place for years in Palestine, including Gaza, and that will continue to transpire in the absence of any plans, better than what has been voiced so far, for what should follow the current assault. It is a future of perpetual warfare. And it is a future that the United States is helping to sustain unless it uses its economic and diplomatic leverage to add teeth not only to its calls for Israeli restraint in the current round of warfare but also to its ritual invocation of the need for a long-term political resolution of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.

Full list of authors: Kankare, E.; Efstathiou, A.; Kotak, R ; Kool, E. C.; Kangas, T.; O'Neill, D.; Mattila, S.; Väisänen, P.; Ramphul, R.; Mogotsi, M.; Ryder, S. D.; Parker, S.; Reynolds, T.; Fraser, M.; Pastorello, A.; Cappellaro, E.; Mazzali, P. A.; Ochner, P.; Tomasella, L.; Turatto, M.; Kotilainen, J.; Kuncarayakti, H.; Pérez-Torres, M. A.; Randriamanakoto, Z.; Romero-Cañizales, C.; Berton, M.; Cartier, R.; Chen, T. -W.; Galbany, L.; Gromadzki, M.; Inserra, C.; Maguire, K.; Moran, S.; Müller-Bravo, T. E.; Nicholl, M.; Reguitti, A.; Young, D. R. ; The fraction of core-collapse supernovae (CCSNe) occurring in the central regions of galaxies is not well constrained at present. This is partly because large-scale transient surveys operate at optical wavelengths, making it challenging to detect transient sources that occur in regions susceptible to high extinction factors. Here we present the discovery and follow-up observations of two CCSNe that occurred in the luminous infrared galaxy (LIRG) NGC 3256. The first, SN 2018ec, was discovered using the ESO HAWK-I/GRAAL adaptive optics seeing enhancer, and was classified as a Type Ic with a host galaxy extinction of AV = 2.1-0.1+0.3 mag. The second, AT 2018cux, was discovered during the course of follow-up observations of SN 2018ec, and is consistent with a subluminous Type IIP classification with an AV = 2.1 ± 0.4 mag of host extinction. A third CCSN, PSN J10275082-4354034 in NGC 3256, was previously reported in 2014, and we recovered the source in late-time archival Hubble Space Telescope imaging. Based on template light curve fitting, we favour a Type IIn classification for it with modest host galaxy extinction of AV = 0.3-0.3+0.4 mag. We also extend our study with follow-up data of the recent Type IIb SN 2019lqo and Type Ib SN 2020fkb that occurred in the LIRG system Arp 299 with host extinctions of AV = 2.1-0.3+0.1 and AV = 0.4-0.2+0.1 mag, respectively. Motivated by the above, we inspected, for the first time, a sample of 29 CCSNe located within a projected distance of 2.5 kpc from the host galaxy nuclei in a sample of 16 LIRGs. We find, if star formation within these galaxies is modelled assuming a global starburst episode and normal IMF, that there is evidence of a correlation between the starburst age and the CCSN subtype. We infer that the two subgroups of 14 H-poor (Type IIb/Ib/Ic/Ibn) and 15 H-rich (Type II/IIn) CCSNe have different underlying progenitor age distributions, with the H-poor progenitors being younger at 3σ significance. However, we note that the currently available sample sizes of CCSNe and host LIRGs are small, and the statistical comparisons between subgroups do not take into account possible systematic or model errors related to the estimated starburst ages. © ESO 2021. ; EK is supported by the Turku Collegium of Science, Medicine and Technology. EK also acknowledge support from the Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC; ST/P000312/1). ECK acknowledges support from the G.R.E.A.T. research environment and support from The Wenner-Gren Foundations. MF is supported by a Royal Society – Science Foundation Ireland University Research Fellowship. EC, LT, AP, and MT are partially supported by the PRIN-INAF 2017 with the project "Towards the SKA and CTA era: discovery, localization, and physics of transient objects". HK was funded by the Academy of Finland projects 324504 and 328898. TWC acknowledges the EU Funding under Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 842471. LG was funded by the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 839090. This work has been partially supported by the Spanish grant PGC2018-095317-B-C21 within the European Funds for Regional Development (FEDER). MG is supported by the Polish NCN MAESTRO grant 2014/14/A/ST9/00121. KM acknowledges support from EU H2020 ERC grant no. 758638. TMB was funded by the CONICYT PFCHA / DOCTORADOBECAS CHILE/2017-72180113. MN is supported by a Royal Astronomical Society Research Fellowship. Based on observations collected at the European Organisation for Astronomical Research in the Southern Hemisphere under ESO programmes 67.D-0438, 60.A-9475, 199.D-0143, and 1103.D-0328. Some of the observations reported in this paper were obtained with the Southern African Large Telescope (SALT) under programme 2018-1-DDT-003 (PI: Kankare). Polish participation in SALT is funded by grant No. MNiSW DIR/WK/2016/07. Based on observations made with the Nordic Optical Telescope, operated by the Nordic Optical Telescope Scientific Association at the Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos, La Palma, Spain, of the Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias. The data presented here were obtained in part with ALFOSC, which is provided by the Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucia (IAA) under a joint agreement with the University of Copenhagen and NOTSA. This work is partly based on the NUTS2 programme carried out at the NOT. NUTS2 is funded in part by the Instrument Center for Danish Astrophysics (IDA). The Liverpool Telescope is operated on the island of La Palma by Liverpool John Moores University in the Spanish Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos of the Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias with financial support from the UK Science and Technology Facilities Council. This paper is also based on observations collected at the Copernico 1.82 m and Schmidt 67/92 Telescopes operated by INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova at Asiago, Italy. Based on observations obtained at the Gemini Observatory, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., under a cooperative agreement with the NSF on behalf of the Gemini partnership: the National Science Foundation (United States), the National Research Council (Canada), CONICYT (Chile), Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación Productiva (Argentina), and Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação (Brazil). Observations were carried out under programme GS-2017A-C-1. This project used data obtained with the Dark Energy Camera (DECam), which was constructed by the Dark Energy Survey (DES) collaboration. Funding for the DES Projects has been provided by the DOE and NSF (USA), MISE (Spain), STFC (UK), HEFCE (UK), NCSA (UIUC), KICP (U. Chicago), CCAPP (Ohio State), MIFPA (Texas A&M University), CNPQ, FAPERJ, FINEP (Brazil), MINECO (Spain), DFG (Germany) and the collaborating institutions in the Dark Energy Survey, which are Argonne Lab, UC Santa Cruz, University of Cambridge, CIEMAT-Madrid, University of Chicago, University College London, DES-Brazil Consortium, University of Edinburgh, ETH Zürich, Fermilab, University of Illinois, ICE (IEEC-CSIC), IFAE Barcelona, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, LMU München and the associated Excellence Cluster Universe, University of Michigan, NOAO, University of Nottingham, Ohio State University, OzDES Membership Consortium, University of Pennsylvania, University of Portsmouth, SLAC National Lab, Stanford University, University of Sussex, and Texas A&M University. Based on observations obtained with the Samuel Oschin 48-inch Telescope at the Palomar Observatory as part of the Zwicky Transient Facility project. ZTF is supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. AST-1440341 and a collaboration including Caltech, IPAC, the Weizmann Institute for Science, the Oskar Klein Center at Stockholm University, the University of Maryland, the University of Washington, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron and Humboldt University, Los Alamos National Laboratories, the TANGO Consortium of Taiwan, the University of Wisconsin at Milwaukee, and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratories. Operations are conducted by COO, IPAC, and UW. Based on observations at Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory, National Optical Astronomy Observatory (NOAO Prop. ID 2017A-0260; and PI: Soares-Santos), which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy (AURA) under a cooperative agreement with the National Science Foundation. The Pan-STARRS1 Surveys (PS1) and the PS1 public science archive have been made possible through contributions by the Institute for Astronomy, the University of Hawaii, the Pan-STARRS Project Office, the Max-Planck Society and its participating institutes, the Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Heidelberg and the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, The Johns Hopkins University, Durham University, the University of Edinburgh, the Queen's University Belfast, the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, the Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope Network Incorporated, the National Central University of Taiwan, the Space Telescope Science Institute, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under Grant No. NNX08AR22G issued through the Planetary Science Division of the NASA Science Mission Directorate, the National Science Foundation Grant No. AST-1238877, the University of Maryland, Eotvos Lorand University (ELTE), the Los Alamos National Laboratory, and the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation. Some of the data presented in this paper were obtained from the Mikulski Archive for Space Telescopes (MAST). STScI is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., under NASA contract NAS5-26555. This work is based in part on archival data obtained with the Spitzer Space Telescope, which is operated by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology under a contract with NASA. This research has made use of NED which is operated by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. We have made use of the Weizmann Interactive Supernova Data Repository (Yaron & Gal-Yam 2012, https://wiserep.weizmann.ac.il). ; With funding from the Spanish government through the 'Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence' accreditation (SEV-2017-0709). ; Peer reviewed

Funding Information: Acknowledgements. We thank the anonymous referee for useful comments. We thank Marco Fiaschi for carrying out some of the Asiago observations. EK is supported by the Turku Collegium of Science, Medicine and Technology. EK also acknowledge support from the Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC; ST/P000312/1). ECK acknowledges support from the G.R.E.A.T. research environment and support from The Wenner-Gren Foundations. MF is supported by a Royal Society – Science Foundation Ireland University Research Fellowship. EC, LT, AP, and MT are partially supported by the PRIN-INAF 2017 with the project "Towards the SKA and CTA era: discovery, localization, and physics of transient objects". HK was funded by the Academy of Finland projects 324504 and 328898. TWC acknowledges the EU Funding under Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 842471. LG was funded by the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 839090.This work has been partially supported by the Spanish grant PGC2018-095317-B-C21 within the European Funds for Regional Development (FEDER). MG is supported by the Polish NCN MAESTRO grant 2014/14/A/ST9/00121. KM acknowledges support from EU H2020 ERC grant no. 758638. TMB was funded by the CONICYT PFCHA / DOCTORADOBECAS CHILE/2017-72180113. MN is supported by a Royal Astronomical Society Research Fellowship. Based on observations collected at the European Organisation for Astronomical Research in the Southern Hemisphere under ESO programmes 67.D-0438, 60.A-9475, 199.D-0143, and 1103.D-0328. Some of the observations reported in this paper were obtained with the Southern African Large Telescope (SALT) under programme 2018-1-DDT-003 (PI: Kankare). Polish participation in SALT is funded by grant No. MNiSW DIR/WK/2016/07. Based on observations made with the Nordic Optical Telescope, operated by the Nordic Optical Telescope Scientific Association at the Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos, La Palma, Spain, ofthe Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias. The data presented here were obtained in part with ALFOSC, which is provided by the Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucia (IAA) under a joint agreement with the University of Copenhagen and NOTSA. This work is partly based on the NUTS2 programme carried out at the NOT. NUTS2 is funded in part by the Instrument Center for Danish Astrophysics (IDA). The Liverpool Telescope is operated on the island of La Palma by Liverpool John Moores University in the Spanish Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos of the Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias with financial support from the UK Science and Technology Facilities Council. This paper is also based on observations collected at the Copernico 1.82 m and Schmidt 67/92 Telescopes operated by INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova at Asiago, Italy. Based on observations obtained at the Gemini Observatory, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., under a cooperative agreement with the NSF on behalf of the Gemini partnership: the National Science Foundation (United States), the National Research Council (Canada), CONICYT (Chile), Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación Productiva (Argentina), and Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação (Brazil). Observations were carried out under programme GS-2017A-C-1. This project used data obtained with the Dark Energy Camera (DECam), which was constructed by the Dark Energy Survey (DES) collaboration. Funding for the DES Projects has been provided by the DOE and NSF (USA), MISE (Spain), STFC (UK), HEFCE (UK), NCSA (UIUC), KICP (U. Chicago), CCAPP (Ohio State), MIFPA (Texas A&M University), CNPQ, FAPERJ, FINEP (Brazil), MINECO (Spain), DFG (Germany) and the collaborating institutions in the Dark Energy Survey, which are Argonne Lab, UC Santa Cruz, University of Cambridge, CIEMAT-Madrid, University of Chicago, University College London, DES-Brazil Consortium, University of Edinburgh, ETH Zürich, Fermilab, University of Illinois, ICE (IEEC-CSIC), IFAE Barcelona, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, LMU München and the associated Excellence Cluster Universe, University of Michigan, NOAO, University of Nottingham, Ohio State University, OzDES Membership Consortium, University of Pennsylvania, University of Portsmouth, SLAC National Lab, Stanford University, University of Sussex, and Texas A&M University. Based on observations obtained with the Samuel Oschin 48-inch Telescope at the Palomar Observatory as part of the Zwicky Transient Facility project. ZTF is supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. AST-1440341 and a collaboration including Caltech, IPAC, the Weizmann Institute for Science, the Oskar Klein Center at Stockholm University, the University of Maryland, the University of Washington, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron and Humboldt University, Los Alamos National Laboratories, the TANGO Consortium of Taiwan, the University of Wisconsin at Milwaukee, and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratories. Operations are conducted by COO, IPAC, and UW. Based on observations at Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory, National Optical Astronomy Observatory (NOAO Prop. ID 2017A-0260; and PI: Soares-Santos), which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy (AURA) under a cooperative agreement with the National Science Foundation. The Pan-STARRS1 Surveys (PS1) and the PS1 public science archive have been made possible through contributions by the Institute for Astronomy, the University of Hawaii, the Pan-STARRS Project Office, the Max-Planck Society and its participating institutes, the Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Heidelberg and the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, The Johns Hopkins University, Durham University, the University of Edinburgh, the Queen's University Belfast, the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, the Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope Network Incorporated, the National Central University of Taiwan, the Space Telescope Science Institute, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under Grant No. NNX08AR22G issued through the Planetary Science Division of the NASA Science Mission Directorate, the National Science Foundation Grant No. AST-1238877, the University of Maryland, Eotvos Lorand University (ELTE), the Los Alamos National Laboratory, and the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation. Some of the data presented in this paper were obtained from the Mikulski Archive for Space Telescopes (MAST). STScI is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., under NASA contract NAS5-26555. This work is based in part on archival data obtained with the Spitzer Space Telescope, which is operated by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology under a contract with NASA. This research has made use of NED which is operated by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. We have made use of the Weizmann Interactive Supernova Data Repository (Yaron & Gal-Yam 2012, https://wiserep.weizmann.ac.il). Funding Information: 1 iraf is distributed by the National Optical Astronomy Observatories, which are operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., under cooperative agreement with the National Science Foundation. Publisher Copyright: © ESO 2021. ; The fraction of core-collapse supernovae (CCSNe) occurring in the central regions of galaxies is not well constrained at present. This is partly because large-scale transient surveys operate at optical wavelengths, making it challenging to detect transient sources that occur in regions susceptible to high extinction factors. Here we present the discovery and follow-up observations of two CCSNe that occurred in the luminous infrared galaxy (LIRG) NGC 3256. The first, SN 2018ec, was discovered using the ESO HAWK-I/GRAAL adaptive optics seeing enhancer, and was classified as a Type Ic with a host galaxy extinction of AV = 2.1-0.1+0.3 mag. The second, AT 2018cux, was discovered during the course of follow-up observations of SN 2018ec, and is consistent with a subluminous Type IIP classification with an AV = 2.1 ± 0.4 mag of host extinction. A third CCSN, PSN J10275082-4354034 in NGC 3256, was previously reported in 2014, and we recovered the source in late-time archival Hubble Space Telescope imaging. Based on template light curve fitting, we favour a Type IIn classification for it with modest host galaxy extinction of AV = 0.3-0.3+0.4 mag. We also extend our study with follow-up data of the recent Type IIb SN 2019lqo and Type Ib SN 2020fkb that occurred in the LIRG system Arp 299 with host extinctions of AV = 2.1-0.3+0.1 and AV = 0.4-0.2+0.1 mag, respectively. Motivated by the above, we inspected, for the first time, a sample of 29 CCSNe located within a projected distance of 2.5 kpc from the host galaxy nuclei in a sample of 16 LIRGs. We find, if star formation within these galaxies is modelled assuming a global starburst episode and normal IMF, that there is evidence of a correlation between the starburst age and the CCSN subtype. We infer that the two subgroups of 14 H-poor (Type IIb/Ib/Ic/Ibn) and 15 H-rich (Type II/IIn) CCSNe have different underlying progenitor age distributions, with the H-poor progenitors being younger at 3σ significance. However, we note that the currently available sample sizes of CCSNe and host LIRGs are small, and the statistical comparisons between subgroups do not take into account possible systematic or model errors related to the estimated starburst ages. ; Peer reviewed

학위논문 (박사) -- 서울대학교 대학원 : 법학전문대학원 법학과, 2020. 8. 전종익. ; 우리나라의 제9차 개정헌법인 현행 헌법으로의 개정이 이루어진 지 만 32년이 지난 지금, 당시 헌법개정을 둘러싼 논의가 어떠한 과정을 통해 이루어지고 그것이 어떻게 지금 우리에게 적용되고 있는 헌법규정들을 낳았는지를 구체적으로 확인하는 일은, 그 해석을 위한 자료를 제공할 수 있을 뿐 아니라 그 양상에 대한 평가를 통해 현행 헌법 그 자체에 대한 평가를 보충할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다. 그리하여 이 연구는 최근까지 나온 사료들을 가급적 망라하여 개별 헌법규정들의 개정논의 과정을 재구성하고 그 부문별 양상을 고찰함으로써 개정의 의미내용에 대한 평가를 시도한다. 새로운 헌법에 대한 필요는 유신헌법에 이어 국민의 의사와 국가권력의 성립·유지가 괴리되어 있었던 1980년 헌정체제의 성격으로부터 제기되었다. 그러나 기존 헌법상의 절차에 따른 개헌은 종전 집권세력과의 공존을 수반하는 것이었기 때문에, 헌법문제의 해결을 위한 대안으로 처음부터 대통령직선제 개헌이라는 방편에 대한 사회적 합의가 이루어지지는 못하였다. 직선제를 향한 요구와 그에 대한 수용으로 그에 대해 여야뿐만 아니라 범사회적인 합의가 이루어지는 것은, 전두환 정권과 그에 대한 저항세력 모두 기본적인 정치체제에 대한 여타의 대안을 각자 제시하고 그 모두를 서로 받아들일 수 없음이 분명해진 뒤에 비로소 가능했다. 여야 정당들과 기타의 사회주체들 모두 개헌시안을 마련함에 있어서 시민사회의 요구를 광범위하게 반영하는 구체적인 구상을 제시하지 못하였고, 그보다는 종전의 구상들을 답습하거나 임시방편적으로 수용하는 경향을 보였다는 점을 확인한다. 이는 양대 정당의 경우 정권의 획득이나 유지가 보다 중요했기 때문이라고 볼 수도 있다. 하지만 보다 근본적인 관점에서 이는 강력한 물리력을 배경으로 정부가 국민의 자유의사에 따른 개헌을 가로막는 한 아무리 구체적으로 개헌구상을 입안하더라도 그것이 현실화할 전망이 없기 떄문이기도 하였다. 연구의 후반부를 이루는 각 헌법 부문별 논의 과정은 1987년 초반부터 야당뿐 아니라 저항세력 전반에까지 수렴된 대통령직선제 개헌이라는 대안이 정부와의 극한대립 끝에 6. 29 선언을 통한 수용으로써 합의로 넘어간 당시의 상황을 반영한다. 헌법의 기본성격, 그리고 헌법을 통해 보호해야 할 영역을 획정하는 것으로서 정치제도 못지않은 중요성을 지니는 전문과 기본권에 대하여는 양대 정당의 의견이 서로 과정과 내용의 면에서 모두 대체로 대등한 수준에서 반영되었다. 특히 전문에 관한 양대 정당의 논의는 양자의 어느 쪽도 정치적 우위를 점하지 못하고 중립적인 타협을 이룬 새 헌법의 성격을 잘 보여준다. 한편 정치제도에 관하여는 국회해산권의 폐지나 국회의 일부 권한에 관하여 치열한 논쟁이 벌어지기도 하였지만, 결국 국회의 국정감사권과 헌법소원제도가 헌법상 규정된 등의 몇몇 성과를 논외로 하면 전반적인 수준에서 국회나 정부의 지위에 대한 변혁이 이루어졌다고 보기는 어려운 것으로 평가된다. 이와 같은 개헌논의의 결과에 대하여는 기성의 양대 정당이 정권획득을 둘러싼 경쟁질서에만 관심을 가졌기 때문에 급속하고 불충분한 타협만이 이루어졌다는 평가도 가능할 것이나 다른 한편 현행 헌법은 이로써 이후의 정권교체에 불구하고 안정성을 확보할 수 있었다. 이는 국민의 선택에 따라 정치적 책임을 지는 집권세력이 국민의 기본권으로부터 통제되는 헌법으로서의 규범력이 강화된 만큼, 종전의 헌정체제들과 달리 현행의 체제에서는 국민의 책임성 또한 강화되었음을 간과해서는 안 될 것이다. ; 32 years have passed since the 9th revision to the current Constitution in 1987. The author deems the time ripe enough to say that now we give a careful look into how this Constitution was deliberated in what process, and how it led to the provisions that apply to our lives today. Hopefully it can provide new grounds for interpretation thereof, as well as tools to supplement previous evaluations on the Constitution at large, with retrospect to the general trends of the discussion. As no small amount of historical records have been disclosed recently, this study attempts to make as extensive use of them as available, so to reconstruct the discussions pertaining to each provisions amended, and to set forth a reevaluation of the implications to the revision itself, based on contemplations on the tendencies of discussions on each constitutional sphere. A successor to the Yushin system, the 1980 constitutional system formulated and buttressed the Chun Doo Hwan regime which was divored from the will and support of the people, and that was the main source of the necessity to found a new constitutional regime. However, in which way to achieve this was the question unsolved up to 1986. A revision following the existing constitutional procedures leaving the current ruling clique intact was not readily accepted by the resisting social groups as an alternative, whether or not it provided for direct presidential election. It was acknowledged as the only choice only after both the Chun regime and resisting groups had exhausted all other alternatives and it became mutually clear that neither of them could accept any other option. In the course of the struggle before constitutional revision with direct election was mutually accepted, the dynamics among and inside each of the major political actors including the leading parties and other social movements show that they had failed to incorporate the various social needs into their designs, and rather chose to follow previous lines or adopt a new one only as an expedient measure. It should be admitted that, at least for the political parties, taking or retaining power was the primary issue at hand. But we would also have to admit that as long as the strong military government denied the possibility of constitutional change based on the will of people, the more 'realistic' vision that a constitutional plan could give was a prospect of political change, which could only then realize other more pluralistic needs. After the June Uprisings had exhausted all other alternatives for Chun regime, time left for deliberation on the content of Constitution was no longer than a month and a half. A detailed retrospect and a phased-in induction on the tendency shows that the negotiation, in its process and content as well, was tailored to make a roughly equal balance between the two major participants. The pattern of constitutional provisions largely attests to this. The preamble, initially a symbolic battlefield of political powers, was diluted to signify more neutral values. Discussion on fundamental rights was, with a few exceptions where major political interests were involved, a relatively smooth interchange of mutual suggestions, which led to an accommodation at least to the most urgent needs raised in the Chun regime. As for political institutions, the most urgent questions were tacitly solved as the plans of both parties accorded to each other. Thus relatively residual needs were answered in the course of negotiation, which led to a few institutional progress including parliamentary power to inspect the government and the newly devised jurisdiction for constitutional complaint. But aside from those, neither legislative or administrative power can be said to have been subject to thorough change. Some might, with good reason, conclude from the results of the negotiation that the existing major parties were concerned only for their upcoming struggle for power and thus made haste for an insufficient outcome. But on the other side, this course of revision led the Constitution to become stable in spite of periodic interchange of power between the political factions. This enabled people to compare the performances between the factions under largely static insitutional settings, and then choose between them to hold the worse one politically responsible. Unlike previous constitutional regimes, this feature enhanced the actual normativity of the Constitution. ; 제1장 서 론 1 제1절 연구의 필요성과 목적 1 제2절 연구의 방법과 범위 5 제2장 1987년 헌법개정의 정치적 과정 10 제1절 1980년 헌정체제의 성립과 초기 운영 10 1. 1980년 헌법의 개정과정과 내용 10 2. 헌정체제의 구체적 형성과 초기 운영 18 3. 1980년 헌정체제의 성격에 대한 평가 28 제2절 헌법개정 방향에 관한 여야 대립 31 1. 위성정당 체제의 붕괴 31 2. 정부·여당의 개헌노선 수정 40 3. 1986년 개헌논의 정국에서의 여야 대립 59 4. 1986년 말까지의 개헌논의 과정에 대한 평가 71 제3절 1987년 합의개헌으로의 이행 74 1. 박종철 고문치사 사건과 대치국면의 전환 74 2. 개헌논의 국면으로의 이행 77 3. 8인 정치회담 81 4. 1987년 개헌논의 과정에 대한 평가 92 제4절 소 결 95 제3장 헌법개정 시안의 변천과 성격 98 제1절 서설 및 관련 사료 98 제2절 민정당 개헌시안의 형성과 변천 102 1. 1986년의 민정당 개헌시안 형성 102 2. 1987년 민정당 개헌시안으로의 변천 120 3. 민정당 시안에 대한 평가 125 제3절 신한민주당·통일민주당 개헌시안의 형성과 변천 127 1. 제1야당 개헌구상의 효시인 '헌법개정대강' 127 2. 1980년 신민당 개헌시안 130 3. 1985년 신한민주당 시안 139 4. 1986년 신한민주당 시안 144 5. 통일민주당 시안으로의 변천 145 6. 제1야당 개헌시안들에 관한 평가 148 제4절 재야 사회단체 등의 시안 기타 개헌구상 150 1. 대한변호사협회 시안 151 2. 한국노동조합총연맹의 개헌요구 10개항 154 3. 민주헌법쟁취국민운동본부의 헌법개정요강 158 4. 한국여성단체연합의 '민주헌법에 대한 견해' 162 5. 헌법·행정법 교수단체의 의견 164 제5절 소 결 167 제4장 헌법 총론 및 기본권·경제제도 규정의 개정과정 171 제1절 헌법 전문·총강의 개정 171 1. 전문의 개정 171 2. 총강의 개정 189 3. 전문·총강의 개정에 대한 평가 191 제2절 기본권 및 경제질서 규정의 개정 193 1. 기본권 규정의 개정 193 2. 경제질서에 관한 규정의 개정 246 3. 기본권 및 경제관련 규정의 개정에 대한 평가 273 제3절 소 결 275 제5장 헌법상 정치제도 규정의 개정 278 제1절 국회와 정부 관련 규정의 개정 278 1. 국회 관련 규정 278 2. 정부 관련 규정 301 제2절 법원과 헌법재판소 관련 규정의 개정 335 1. 법원 관련 규정 335 2. 헌법재판소 관련 규정 342 3. 법원·헌법재판소 관련 규정의 개정에 대한 평가 354 제3절 기타 정치제도 관련 규정 356 1. 국민투표 및 선거관리 356 2. 지방자치단체장의 "선임" 359 3. 헌법개정절차 360 4. 함의에 대한 평가 362 제4절 소 결 364 제6장 결 론 368 참고문헌 373 Abstract 505 ; Doctor

학위논문 (박사) -- 서울대학교 대학원 : 법학전문대학원 법학과, 2020. 8. 전종익. ; 우리나라의 제9차 개정헌법인 현행 헌법으로의 개정이 이루어진 지 만 32년이 지난 지금, 당시 헌법개정을 둘러싼 논의가 어떠한 과정을 통해 이루어지고 그것이 어떻게 지금 우리에게 적용되고 있는 헌법규정들을 낳았는지를 구체적으로 확인하는 일은, 그 해석을 위한 자료를 제공할 수 있을 뿐 아니라 그 양상에 대한 평가를 통해 현행 헌법 그 자체에 대한 평가를 보충할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다. 그리하여 이 연구는 최근까지 나온 사료들을 가급적 망라하여 개별 헌법규정들의 개정논의 과정을 재구성하고 그 부문별 양상을 고찰함으로써 개정의 의미내용에 대한 평가를 시도한다. 새로운 헌법에 대한 필요는 유신헌법에 이어 국민의 의사와 국가권력의 성립·유지가 괴리되어 있었던 1980년 헌정체제의 성격으로부터 제기되었다. 그러나 기존 헌법상의 절차에 따른 개헌은 종전 집권세력과의 공존을 수반하는 것이었기 때문에, 헌법문제의 해결을 위한 대안으로 처음부터 대통령직선제 개헌이라는 방편에 대한 사회적 합의가 이루어지지는 못하였다. 직선제를 향한 요구와 그에 대한 수용으로 그에 대해 여야뿐만 아니라 범사회적인 합의가 이루어지는 것은, 전두환 정권과 그에 대한 저항세력 모두 기본적인 정치체제에 대한 여타의 대안을 각자 제시하고 그 모두를 서로 받아들일 수 없음이 분명해진 뒤에 비로소 가능했다. 여야 정당들과 기타의 사회주체들 모두 개헌시안을 마련함에 있어서 시민사회의 요구를 광범위하게 반영하는 구체적인 구상을 제시하지 못하였고, 그보다는 종전의 구상들을 답습하거나 임시방편적으로 수용하는 경향을 보였다는 점을 확인한다. 이는 양대 정당의 경우 정권의 획득이나 유지가 보다 중요했기 때문이라고 볼 수도 있다. 하지만 보다 근본적인 관점에서 이는 강력한 물리력을 배경으로 정부가 국민의 자유의사에 따른 개헌을 가로막는 한 아무리 구체적으로 개헌구상을 입안하더라도 그것이 현실화할 전망이 없기 떄문이기도 하였다. 연구의 후반부를 이루는 각 헌법 부문별 논의 과정은 1987년 초반부터 야당뿐 아니라 저항세력 전반에까지 수렴된 대통령직선제 개헌이라는 대안이 정부와의 극한대립 끝에 6. 29 선언을 통한 수용으로써 합의로 넘어간 당시의 상황을 반영한다. 헌법의 기본성격, 그리고 헌법을 통해 보호해야 할 영역을 획정하는 것으로서 정치제도 못지않은 중요성을 지니는 전문과 기본권에 대하여는 양대 정당의 의견이 서로 과정과 내용의 면에서 모두 대체로 대등한 수준에서 반영되었다. 특히 전문에 관한 양대 정당의 논의는 양자의 어느 쪽도 정치적 우위를 점하지 못하고 중립적인 타협을 이룬 새 헌법의 성격을 잘 보여준다. 한편 정치제도에 관하여는 국회해산권의 폐지나 국회의 일부 권한에 관하여 치열한 논쟁이 벌어지기도 하였지만, 결국 국회의 국정감사권과 헌법소원제도가 헌법상 규정된 등의 몇몇 성과를 논외로 하면 전반적인 수준에서 국회나 정부의 지위에 대한 변혁이 이루어졌다고 보기는 어려운 것으로 평가된다. 이와 같은 개헌논의의 결과에 대하여는 기성의 양대 정당이 정권획득을 둘러싼 경쟁질서에만 관심을 가졌기 때문에 급속하고 불충분한 타협만이 이루어졌다는 평가도 가능할 것이나 다른 한편 현행 헌법은 이로써 이후의 정권교체에 불구하고 안정성을 확보할 수 있었다. 이는 국민의 선택에 따라 정치적 책임을 지는 집권세력이 국민의 기본권으로부터 통제되는 헌법으로서의 규범력이 강화된 만큼, 종전의 헌정체제들과 달리 현행의 체제에서는 국민의 책임성 또한 강화되었음을 간과해서는 안 될 것이다. ; 32 years have passed since the 9th revision to the current Constitution in 1987. The author deems the time ripe enough to say that now we give a careful look into how this Constitution was deliberated in what process, and how it led to the provisions that apply to our lives today. Hopefully it can provide new grounds for interpretation thereof, as well as tools to supplement previous evaluations on the Constitution at large, with retrospect to the general trends of the discussion. As no small amount of historical records have been disclosed recently, this study attempts to make as extensive use of them as available, so to reconstruct the discussions pertaining to each provisions amended, and to set forth a reevaluation of the implications to the revision itself, based on contemplations on the tendencies of discussions on each constitutional sphere. A successor to the Yushin system, the 1980 constitutional system formulated and buttressed the Chun Doo Hwan regime which was divored from the will and support of the people, and that was the main source of the necessity to found a new constitutional regime. However, in which way to achieve this was the question unsolved up to 1986. A revision following the existing constitutional procedures leaving the current ruling clique intact was not readily accepted by the resisting social groups as an alternative, whether or not it provided for direct presidential election. It was acknowledged as the only choice only after both the Chun regime and resisting groups had exhausted all other alternatives and it became mutually clear that neither of them could accept any other option. In the course of the struggle before constitutional revision with direct election was mutually accepted, the dynamics among and inside each of the major political actors including the leading parties and other social movements show that they had failed to incorporate the various social needs into their designs, and rather chose to follow previous lines or adopt a new one only as an expedient measure. It should be admitted that, at least for the political parties, taking or retaining power was the primary issue at hand. But we would also have to admit that as long as the strong military government denied the possibility of constitutional change based on the will of people, the more 'realistic' vision that a constitutional plan could give was a prospect of political change, which could only then realize other more pluralistic needs. After the June Uprisings had exhausted all other alternatives for Chun regime, time left for deliberation on the content of Constitution was no longer than a month and a half. A detailed retrospect and a phased-in induction on the tendency shows that the negotiation, in its process and content as well, was tailored to make a roughly equal balance between the two major participants. The pattern of constitutional provisions largely attests to this. The preamble, initially a symbolic battlefield of political powers, was diluted to signify more neutral values. Discussion on fundamental rights was, with a few exceptions where major political interests were involved, a relatively smooth interchange of mutual suggestions, which led to an accommodation at least to the most urgent needs raised in the Chun regime. As for political institutions, the most urgent questions were tacitly solved as the plans of both parties accorded to each other. Thus relatively residual needs were answered in the course of negotiation, which led to a few institutional progress including parliamentary power to inspect the government and the newly devised jurisdiction for constitutional complaint. But aside from those, neither legislative or administrative power can be said to have been subject to thorough change. Some might, with good reason, conclude from the results of the negotiation that the existing major parties were concerned only for their upcoming struggle for power and thus made haste for an insufficient outcome. But on the other side, this course of revision led the Constitution to become stable in spite of periodic interchange of power between the political factions. This enabled people to compare the performances between the factions under largely static insitutional settings, and then choose between them to hold the worse one politically responsible. Unlike previous constitutional regimes, this feature enhanced the actual normativity of the Constitution. ; 제1장 서 론 1 제1절 연구의 필요성과 목적 1 제2절 연구의 방법과 범위 5 제2장 1987년 헌법개정의 정치적 과정 10 제1절 1980년 헌정체제의 성립과 초기 운영 10 1. 1980년 헌법의 개정과정과 내용 10 2. 헌정체제의 구체적 형성과 초기 운영 18 3. 1980년 헌정체제의 성격에 대한 평가 28 제2절 헌법개정 방향에 관한 여야 대립 31 1. 위성정당 체제의 붕괴 31 2. 정부·여당의 개헌노선 수정 40 3. 1986년 개헌논의 정국에서의 여야 대립 59 4. 1986년 말까지의 개헌논의 과정에 대한 평가 71 제3절 1987년 합의개헌으로의 이행 74 1. 박종철 고문치사 사건과 대치국면의 전환 74 2. 개헌논의 국면으로의 이행 77 3. 8인 정치회담 81 4. 1987년 개헌논의 과정에 대한 평가 92 제4절 소 결 95 제3장 헌법개정 시안의 변천과 성격 98 제1절 서설 및 관련 사료 98 제2절 민정당 개헌시안의 형성과 변천 102 1. 1986년의 민정당 개헌시안 형성 102 2. 1987년 민정당 개헌시안으로의 변천 120 3. 민정당 시안에 대한 평가 125 제3절 신한민주당·통일민주당 개헌시안의 형성과 변천 127 1. 제1야당 개헌구상의 효시인 '헌법개정대강' 127 2. 1980년 신민당 개헌시안 130 3. 1985년 신한민주당 시안 139 4. 1986년 신한민주당 시안 144 5. 통일민주당 시안으로의 변천 145 6. 제1야당 개헌시안들에 관한 평가 148 제4절 재야 사회단체 등의 시안 기타 개헌구상 150 1. 대한변호사협회 시안 151 2. 한국노동조합총연맹의 개헌요구 10개항 154 3. 민주헌법쟁취국민운동본부의 헌법개정요강 158 4. 한국여성단체연합의 '민주헌법에 대한 견해' 162 5. 헌법·행정법 교수단체의 의견 164 제5절 소 결 167 제4장 헌법 총론 및 기본권·경제제도 규정의 개정과정 171 제1절 헌법 전문·총강의 개정 171 1. 전문의 개정 171 2. 총강의 개정 189 3. 전문·총강의 개정에 대한 평가 191 제2절 기본권 및 경제질서 규정의 개정 193 1. 기본권 규정의 개정 193 2. 경제질서에 관한 규정의 개정 246 3. 기본권 및 경제관련 규정의 개정에 대한 평가 273 제3절 소 결 275 제5장 헌법상 정치제도 규정의 개정 278 제1절 국회와 정부 관련 규정의 개정 278 1. 국회 관련 규정 278 2. 정부 관련 규정 301 제2절 법원과 헌법재판소 관련 규정의 개정 335 1. 법원 관련 규정 335 2. 헌법재판소 관련 규정 342 3. 법원·헌법재판소 관련 규정의 개정에 대한 평가 354 제3절 기타 정치제도 관련 규정 356 1. 국민투표 및 선거관리 356 2. 지방자치단체장의 "선임" 359 3. 헌법개정절차 360 4. 함의에 대한 평가 362 제4절 소 결 364 제6장 결 론 368 참고문헌 373 Abstract 505 ; Doctor

Indonesia is a country that has a high potential for natural disasters. Picture story book is a form of disaster management learning that can help children from an early age to prepare for a natural disaster. The aims of this study to develop story books as a disaster management learning media, to improve knowledge and skills of children and teacher about the understanding, principles, and actions of rescue when facing the natural disasters, to increase the teacher's learning quality in disaster management. Developmental research approach is used to execute the study. A total of 48 children aged 5-6 years have to carry out pre-test and post-test. Pre-test data shows that children's knowledge about disaster management with an average of 47.92% and its improved at post-test with 76,88%. Five theme of story books involves floods, landslides, earthquakes, tsunamis, lands and forest fires is the product. Dissemination of five story books are proper for children and improve their understanding of disaster management. Keywords: Early Childhood Education, Management Disaster, Storybooks Reference: Abulnour, A. H. (2013). Towards efficient disaster management in Egypt. Housing and Building National Research Center. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hbrcj.2013.07.004 Adiyoyoso, W. (2018). Manajemen Bencana. Jakarta: Bumi Aksara. Anderson, T., & Shattuck, J. (2012). Design-based research: A decade of progress in education research? Educational Researcher, 41(1), 16–25. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X11428813 Batič, J. (2019). Reading Picture Books in Preschool and Lower Grades of Primary School. Center for Educational Policy Studies Journal, (November), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.26529/cepsj.554 Bosschaart, A., van der Schee, J., Kuiper, W., & Schoonenboom, J. (2016). Evaluating a flood- risk education program in the Netherlands. Studies in Educational Evaluation, 50, 53–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stueduc.2016.07.002 Codreanu, T. A., Celenza, A., & Jacobs, I. (2014). Does disaster education of teenagers translate into better survival knowledge, knowledge of skills, and adaptive behavioral change? A systematic literature review. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine, 29(6), 629–642. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1049023X14001083 Delicado, A., Rowland, J., Fonseca, S., & Nunes, A. (2017). Children in Disaster Risk Reduction in Portugal : Policies , Education , and ( Non ) Participation. 246–257. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13753-017-0138-5 Demiroz, F., & Haase, T. W. (2019). The concept of resilience: a bibliometric analysis of the emergency and disaster management literature. Local Government Studies, 45(3), 308–327. https://doi.org/10.1080/03003930.2018.1541796 Efthymis, L., Michael, S., Alexia, G., Panagiotis, P., Vassiliki, A., Kate, V., & Spyros, P. (2014). Disaster Data Centre — An Innovative Educational Tool for Disaster Reduction through Education in Schools. (September), 35–40. Faber, M. H., Giuliani, L., Revez, A., Jayasena, S., Sparf, J., & Mendez, J. M. (2014). Interdisciplinary Approach to Disaster Resilience Education and Research. Procedia Economics and Finance, 18(September), 601–609. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2212- 5671(14)00981-2 Frankenberg, E., Gillespie, T., Preston, S., Sikoki, B., & Thomas, D. (2011). Mortality, the family and the Indian Ocean Tsunami. Economic Journal, 121(554), 162–182. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0297.2011.02446.x Fujioka, T., & Sakakibara, Y. (2018). School education for disaster risk reduction in Japan after the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami (GEJET). Terrae Didatica, 14(3), 313– 319. https://doi.org/10.20396/td.v14i3.8653531 Guha-Sapir, D., Van Panhuis, W. G., & Lagoutte, J. (2007). Short communication: Patterns of chronic and acute diseases after natural disasters - A study from the International Committee of the Red Cross field hospital in Banda Aceh after the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami. Tropical Medicine and International Health, 12(11), 1338–1341. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365- 3156.2007.01932.x Haggstrom, M. (2020). The art of read-aloud, body language and identity construction: A multimodal interactional analysis of interaction between parent, child and picture book. International Journal of Language Studies, 14(1), 117–140. Halim, L., Abd Rahman, N., Zamri, R., & Mohtar, L. (2018). The roles of parents in cultivating children's interest towards science learning and careers. Kasetsart Journal of Social Sciences, 39(2), 190–196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kjss.2017.05.001 Hamele, M., Gist, R. E., & Kissoon, N. (2019). P ro v i s i o n o f C a re f o r C r i t i c a l l y I l l C h i l d ren i n Disasters. 35, 659–675. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccc.2019.06.003 Justice, L. M., & Piasta, S. (2011). Developing children's print knowledge through adult-child storybook reading interactions: Print referencing as an instructional practice. In Handbook of early literacy research (In S. B. N). Kitagawa, K. (2016). Situating preparedness education within public pedagogy. Pedagogy, Culture & Society, 1366(November), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/14681366.2016.1200660 Kousky, C. (2016). Impacts of natural disasters on children. Future of Children, 26(1), 73–92. https://doi.org/10.1353/foc.2016.0004 Latif, M., Zukhairina, Zubaidah, R., & Afandi, M. (2013). Orientasi Baru Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini (Teori dan Aplikasi). Jakarta: Kencana Prenada Media Group. Lin, R. (2012). A Study of Curriculum Innovation Teaching and Creative Thinking for Picture Book Creation. IERI Procedia, Vol. 2, pp. 30–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ieri.2012.06.047 Lopez, Y., Hayden, J., Cologon, K., & Hadley, F. (2012). Child participation and disaster risk reduction. International Journal of Early Years Education, 20(3), 300–308. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669760.2012.716712 Manjale, N. B., & Abel, C. (2017). Significance and adequacy of instructional media as perceived by primary school pupils and teachers in. 4(6), 151–157. Masuda, K., & Yamauchi, C. (2017). The effects of female education on adolescent pregnancy and child health: evidence from Uganda's Universal Primary Education for fully treated cohorts. GRIPS Discussion Paper - National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies, (17/01), 49-pp. Retrieved from https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/07f5/ebe91e3ac20179daae7d885ea50f8154f94e.pdf Mateo, R. M. (2015). Contrastive Multimodal Analysis of two Spanish translations of a picture book. 212, 230–236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.11.338 McKenney, S., & Reeves, T. (2012). Conducting educational design research. London: Routledge. Meng, L., & Muñoz, M. (2016). Teachers' perceptions of effective teaching: a comparative study of elementary school teachers from China and the USA. Educational Assessment, Evaluation and Accountability. Mudavanhu, Chipo Muzenda Manyena, B., & Collins, A. E. (2016). Disaster risk reduction knowledge among children in Muzarabani District, Zimbabwe. Natural Hazards, 84(2), 911–931. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-016-2465-z Mutch, C. (2014). International Journal of Educational Development The role of schools in disaster settings : Learning from the 2010 – 2011 New Zealand earthquakes. International Journal of Educational Development. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2014.06.008 Ozturk, M. B., Sendogdu, M. C., Seker, E., & Tekinsen, H. K. (2011). Parents with children in preschool children ' s picture book review elections. 15, 1906–1910. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.04.025 Peek, L. (2008). Children and Disasters: Understanding Vulnerability, Developing Capacities, and Promoting Resilience - An Introduction. Children, Youth and Environments, 18(1), 1– 29. Plomp, T., & Nieveen, N. (2007). An introduction to educational design research. Enschede: The Netherlands: SLO. Pramitasari, M., Yetti, E., & Hapidin. (2018). Pengembangan Media Sliding Book Untuk Media Pengenalan Sains Kehidupan (Life Science) Kelautan untuk Anak Usia Dini. Jurnal Pendidikan Usia Dini, 12(November), 281–290. Proulx, K., & Aboud, F. (2019). Disaster risk reduction in early childhood education: Effects on preschool quality and child outcomes. International Journal of Educational Development, 66(October 2017), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2019.01.007 Pyle, A., & Danniels, E. (2016). Using a picture book to gain assent in research with young children. 4430(March). https://doi.org/10.1080/03004430.2015.1100175 Raj, A., & Kasi, S. (2015). International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction Psychosocial disaster preparedness for school children by teachers. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 12, 119–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2014.12.007 Raynaudo, G., & Peralta, O. (2019). Children learning a concept with a book and an e-book: a comparison with matched instruction. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 34(1), 87–99. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10212-018-0370-4 Sawyer, B., Atkins-burnett, S., Sandilos, L., Hammer, C. S., Lopez, L., Blair, C., . Hammer, C. S. (2018). Variations in Classroom Language Environments of Preschool Children Who Are Low Income and Linguistically Diverse. Early Education and Development, 29(3), 398– 416. https://doi.org/10.1080/10409289.2017.1408373 Simcock, G., & Heron-delaney, M. (2016). Infant Behavior and Development Brief report Reality check : Prior exposure facilitates picture book imitation by 15-month-old infants. Infant Behavior and Development, 45, 140–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infbeh.2016.09.003 Solfiah, Y., Risma, D., & Kurnia, R. (2019). The Knowledge Of Early Childhood Education Teachers About Natural Disaster Management. 2(1), 159–166. Sugiyono. (2017). Metode Penelitian dan pengembangan, untuk bidang pendidikan,manegement sosial. Bandung: alfabeta. Sumantri, M. S. (2015). Strategi Pembelajaran. Jakarta: Raja Grafindo Persada.Suryaningsih, E., & Fatmawati, L. (2017). Pengembangan BUku Cerita Bergambar Tentang Mitigasi Bencana Erupsi Gunung Api Untuk Siswa SD. Profesi Pendidikan Dasar. Tatebe, J., & Mutch, C. (2015). International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction Perspectives on education , children and young people in disaster risk reduction. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2015.06.011 Tomé-Fernández, M., Senís-Fernández, J., & Ruiz-Martín, D. (2019). Values and Intercultural Experiences Through Picture Books. Reading Teacher, 73(2), 205–213. https://doi.org/10.1002/trtr.1813 Torani, S., Majd, P. M., Maroufi, S. S., Dowlati, M., & Sheikhi, R. A. (2019). The importance of education on disasters and emergencies: A review article. Journal of Education and Health Promotion, Vol. 8, p. 85. https://doi.org/10.4103/jehp.jehp_262_18 Tuladhar, G., Yatabe, R., Bhandary, N., & Dahal, R. (2015). Assessment of disaster risk reduction knowledge of school teachers in Nepal. International Journal of Health System and Disaster Management, 3(1), 20. https://doi.org/10.4103/2347-9019.147142 Undang-undang No. 24 Tahun 2007 Tentang Penanggulangan Bencana , (2007).

The agroforestry system could be considered a dynamic management of the natural resource based on the integration of trees with crops or livestock. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the grass intake and the oxidative status of meat of geese reared in three different agroforestry systems: apple orchard (AO), olives trees (OT) and vineyard (V). Eighty one-day old Romagnola geese of both sexes were divided in four homogeneous groups: control (C), with indoor density of 5 geese/m2 and without pasture access, and the three agroforestry systems (AO, OT, V), with 1 hectare of pasture each. The geese were reared inside a poultry house until 20 days of age. At 21 days of age the animals belonging to AO, OT and V were allowed to outdoor access (pasture), whereas geese of the C group were kept indoor. At 150 days of age, the geese were slaughtered in a commercial slaughterhouse. After 24 h of storage at +4°C the breast and drumstick muscles were analysed to determine the fatty acid profile, the antioxidants content and the oxidative status. All the data were statistically analysed with ANOVA. The results showed that the grazing activity of geese improved the n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids content, the n-6/n-3 ratio and the antioxidant content, especially in geese kept in the agroforestry systems enriched with trees (AO and OT). Indeed, the presence of trees make animals feel protected and stimulated them to explore the pasture and consequently to consume more grass. However, the best oxidative status was exhibited by the C geese. In the other groups the higher antioxidants intake through grass was not able to counteract the higher oxidative thrust and consequently, the meat of outdoor reared geese was characterized by a worst oxidative status. 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Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Katarki West-3 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 581 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area 98 per cent is covered by soils and two per cent is by water bodies. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 7 soil series and 9 soil phases (management units) and 2 land use classes.  The length of crop growing period is 150 cm).  Entire area has clay soils at the surface.  Entire area has non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  An area of about 73 per cent has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands and 25 per cent area has nearly level (0-1%) lands.  About 29 per cent area is slightly eroded (e1) and about 69 per cent area is moderately eroded (e2) lands.  Entire area is strongly alkaline (pH 8.4-9.0) to very strongly alkaline (pH >9.0) in soil reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 13 per cent area.  Available boron is low (4.5 ppm) in 47 per cent area and deficient (<4.5 ppm) in about 51 per cent area.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire area.  Available copper and manganese are sufficient in all the soils.  The land suitability for 28 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 511 (88) 60 (10) Pomegranate - 547 (92) Maize - - Guava - - Bajra - 36 (6) Jackfruit - - Groundnut - - Jamun - 436 (75) Sunflower 400 (69) 147 (25) Musambi 400 (69) 147 (25) Cotton 511 (88) 60 (10) Lime 400 (69) 147 (25) Red gram - 547 (94) Cashew - - Bengalgram 511 (88) 60 (10) Custard apple 511 (88) 60 (10) Chilli - - Amla - 571 (98) Tomato - - Tamarind - 436 (73) Drumstick - 547 (94) Marigold - 571 (98) Mulberry - 366 (63) Chrysanthemum - 571 (98) Mango - - Jasmine - 24 (4) Sapota - - Crossandra - 330 (57) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 2 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Katarki West-3 is located at North latitude 150 16' 32.303" and 150 15' 8.181" and East longitude 760 2' 48.78'' and 760 0' 43.888" covering an area of about 581.60 ha coming under Alavandi, Mynahalli and Bettageri Villages of Koppal taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Katarki West-3 micro watersheds of Katarki subwatershed, Koppala taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 farmers were sampled in Katarki West-3 micro-watershed among households surveyed 6 (17.14%) were marginal, 13 (37.14%) were small, 8 (22.86 %) were semi medium and 3 (8.57 %) were medium farmers. 5 landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 71 (52.21%) men and 65 (47.79 %) were women. The average population of landless was 2, marginal farmers were 3.7, small farmers were 4.5, semi medium farmers were 4.5 and medium farmers were 5.3.  Majority of the respondents (31.62%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 25.74 per cent illiterates, 68.39 per cent pre university education and 2.94 per cent attained graduation.  About, 97.14 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 27.21 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 48.57 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 2.86 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 97.14 per cent possess TV, 74.29 per cent possess mixer grinder, 77.14 per cent possess mobile phones and 5.71 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that 2.86 per cent of the households possess Bullock Cart and 2.86 per cent possess Weeder.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 5.71 per cent possess local cow and 2.86 per cent possess buffalo.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.3, women available in the micro watershed was 1.15, hired labour (men) available was 4.57 and hired labour (women) available was 4.71.  Further, 100 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate during the agricultural season.  There were 6.00 live bore wells and 6.00 dry bore wells among the sampled households.  Bore well was the major source of irrigation for 17.14 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Maize, Bajra, Groundnut, Sunflower and Red gram and cropping intensity was recorded as 81.78 per cent. 2  Out of the sample households 82.86 percent possessed bank account and 82.86 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 82.86 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Maize, Bajra, Groundnut, Sunflower and Red gram was Rs.31001.17, 26035.85, 36120.73, 46884.21 and 37551.71 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.30, 1: 0.90, 1: 1.60, 1: 0.70 and 1:0.90 respectively.  Further, 2.86 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 91645.14 in micro-watershed, of which Rs. 69208.57 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 8 horticulture trees and 16 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 657.14 for land development.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 8.57 per cent depends on own funds.  Regarding marketing channels, 20.00 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 80.00 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Further, 100 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (97.14%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 80.00 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Firewood was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 100.00 per cent of the households.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 71.43 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 88.57 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 97.14 per cent of the households possessed BPL card, 2.86 per cent of the household's possessed APL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (97.14%), pulses (42.86%) and oilseeds (14.29%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (85.71%) wild animal menace on farm field (71.43%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (28.57%), inadequacy of irrigation water (17.14%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (28.57%), high rate of interest on credit (8.57%), low price for the agricultural commodities (20.00%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (22.86%), inadequate extension services (14.29%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (40.00%), Less rainfall (57.14%) and Source of Agri-technology information (Newspaper/ TV/Mobile) (37.14%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Dans la perspective d'une éventuelle Septième réforme de l'État belge, le Parlement de la Communauté germanophone a souhaité qu'une étude soit menée sur une réforme du système de financement de ladite Communauté, en concentrant l'attention sur les deux volets suivants : le premier, dans une perspective juridique, est consacré à l'analyse des possibilités existantes ou à créer, en droit, pour que la Communauté germanophone exerce les compétences fiscales de la Région wallonne et de la Province de Liège ; le second, d'ordre budgétaire, doit permettre d'identifier et de décrire les aspects méthodologiques dont il faut tenir compte pour réaliser et alimenter un simulateur qui partirait de l'hypothèse d'une intégration de la Communauté germanophone, dotée de toutes les compétences régionales et provinciales, dans les mécanismes de financement des Communautés et des Régions prévus dans la loi spéciale du 16 janvier 1989 (ci-après « LSF »). L'étude part de l'hypothèse selon laquelle la Communauté germanophone assumerait «toutes les compétences qui ont été transférées aux entités fédérées belges dans le passé ou leur seront transférées à l'avenir dans le cadre de la réforme de l'État». Pour cette raison, sont exclues du champ de notre étude les pistes tracées par les articles 139 de la Constitution et 10 de la loi spéciale du 8 août 1980 de réformes institutionnelles («LSRI»). D'emblée, précisons que le présent rapport retient un unique scénario, qui repose sur la création d'une quatrième Région (une « Région germanophone »), qui s'ajouterait –sans la remplacer –à la Communauté germanophone. Pour l'heure, la Communauté germanophone est pourvue d'une seule compétence fiscale –qu'elle n'a encore jamais mise en œuvre –, à savoir celle d'établir des taxes propres consacrée à l'article 170, § 2, alinéa 1er, de la Constitution. Pour sa part, la Région wallonne dispose non seulement du pouvoir de lever des taxes propres sur la base de la même disposition constitutionnelle, mais est aussi compétente pour les impôts régionaux repris à l'article 3 de la LSF ainsi que pour les centimes additionnels «élargis» à l'IPP visés aux articles 5/1 à 5/8 de la même loi. Quant à la Province de Liège, outre l'habilitation d'instaurer à son tour des prélèvements fiscaux propres en vertu de l'article 170, §3, alinéa 1er, de la Constitution, elle jouit encore de la prérogative de fixer des centimes additionnels «classiques» au précompte immobilier, conformément à l'article 464/1,1°, du CIR/92. Dans la mesure où la Constitution belge règle la répartition des compétences entre les différentes autorités de Belgique, sa révision serait nécessaire pour que la Communauté germanophone soit autorisée à exercer l'ensemble des compétences fiscales régionales et provinciales ainsi rappelées. Pour ce faire, plutôt que de proposer l'instauration d'une entité fédérée unique pour la région de langue allemande – ce qui pourrait faire l'objet d'une nouvelle étude à l'avenir –, notre rapport retient un scénario reposant d'abord sur la création d'une Région germanophone dont l'assise territoriale serait identique à celle de la Communauté homonyme, dont l'existence serait par ailleurs maintenue. De cette manière, toute compétence de la Région wallonne et de la Province de Liège serait exclue en région de langue allemande. Un autre avantage de ce scénario est qu'il limiterait considérablement une potentielle révision de la Constitution – le lecteur peut trouver en annexe au présent rapport plusieurs tableaux reprenant les dispositions constitutionnelles dont la révision paraît indispensable, seulement recommandable ou éventuellement accessoire à la mise en œuvre du modèle « Communauté et Région germanophones » que nous avons retenu. Encore, une telle situation serait propice, selon nous, à l'intégration de la Communauté germanophone dans des lois spéciales telles que la LSRI et la LSF. Afin que la Communauté germanophone puisse exercer les compétences régionales, nous suggérons une modification de l'article 137 de la Constitution afin d'étendre le mécanisme de transfert applicable à la Communauté et à la Région flamandes à la relation entre la Communauté et la Région germanophones. Ainsi, l'article 139 de la Constitution serait abrogé et les organes de la Communauté germanophone pourraient exercer exclusivement, en principe, l'intégralité des compétences régionales, en plus des compétences communautaires, sur le territoire de la région de langue allemande. En outre, il en résulterait une union du budget de ladite Communauté avec celui de la nouvelle Région germanophone. De la sorte, il serait possible au Parlement germanophone d'autoriser le financement de l'exercice des compétences communautaires au moyen de recettes régionales et inversement. Si cela était jugé nécessaire, un mécanisme inédit de transfert, par la Région germanophone, de l'exercice de certaines compétences régionales à la Région wallonne pourrait être inséré dans la Constitution, à condition d'accompagner ce mécanisme de garanties démocratiques. En tous les cas, les autorités fédérées germanophones pourraient coopérer avec la Région wallonne dans le canevas d'accords de coopération ou de décrets conjoints dans l'optique d'un exercice conjoint de certaines compétences régionales. Pour ce qui concerne les compétences provinciales, nous pensons que l'article 163 de la Constitution pourrait être révisé pour que, de même qu'en région bilingue de Bruxelles-Capitale, toute forme d'organisation provinciale soit supprimée en région de langue allemande. Une telle situation offrirait à la Communauté germanophone l'occasion de reprendre les compétences en question, à l'exception de la réglementation des questions d'intérêt provincial qui, pour sa part, ne se justifierait plus dans ladite région linguistique. Il en résulterait, notamment, la transformation de la nature des anciennes normes provinciales –les prélèvements fiscaux inclus –en normes fédérées, avec toutes les conséquences que cela implique. Dans l'hypothèse où la Communauté germanophone ne saurait reprendre les compétences provinciales faute de réaliser le modèle « Communauté et Régions germanophones », la suppression des institutions de la Province de Liège et leur remplacement, notamment, par deux collectivités supracommunales, dont l'une serait propre à la région de langue allemande, pourraient servir de pis-aller. En effet, en s'inspirant de l'article 166 de la Constitution qui autorise la Région de Bruxelles-Capitale à exercer l'intégralité des compétences de l'Agglomération bruxelloise, l'on pourrait adéquatement réviser la Constitution – par exemple, en adoptant un article 166bis – afin que la Communauté germanophone exerce les compétences d'une hypothétique collectivité supracommunale germanophone. Toutefois, l'inconvénient majeur d'un tel scénario serait qu'il présume le maintien de la compétence de la Région wallonne en région de langue allemande et s'opposerait, en conséquence, à l'exercice, par la Communauté germanophone, des compétences régionales en dehors de la mise en œuvre de l'article 139 de la Constitution. Considérant l'alignement du financement de la Communauté germanophone sur celui des autres autorités communautaires, le présent rapport révèle des similitudes et des divergences. D'une part, il apparaît que les montants de base des dotations fédérales octroyées à la Communauté germanophone ainsi que les clés de répartition appliquées à celles-ci ont été calculés de manière équivalente aux deux autres Communautés. D'autre part, la méthode d'estimation des montants de base des parts attribuées des recettes de TVA et d'IPP est différente pour la Communauté germanophone en comparaison avec celle des autres Communautés. Une autre étude s'avère donc nécessaire pour résoudre les questions techniques liées aux clés de répartition ainsi qu'aux montants de base des parts attribuées des recettes d'IPP et de TVA. Au sujet de l'alignement du financement de la Région germanophone sur celui des autres Régions, nous avons identifié les compétences dont l'exercice a déjà été transféré par la Région wallonne et celles qui demeurent (encore) dans son giron. Dans le cadre d'un éventuel transfert de ces dernières, nous avons tenté de déterminer la part que le budget wallon leur octroie. En ce qui concerne spécifiquement les mécanismes de financement des Régions, nous avons soulevé les aspects méthodologiques qui permettraient aux autorités fédérées germanophones d'exercer effectivement une autonomie fiscale propre. Ces aspects méthodologiques consisteraient: -à établir, sur la base des compétences à transférer, les besoins de la Région germanophone; -à intégrer la Région germanophone dans les mécanismes de financement des autres Régions; -et à comparer les moyens et les besoins, de manière à déterminer si la différence constatée devrait être corrigée par un mécanisme fondé sur une quelconque dotation spécifique. Néanmoins, une analyse plus approfondie devrait être réalisée sur la détermination précise des montants des compétences dont la Région wallonne pourrait encore se départir à l'égard de la nouvelle Région germanophone. Pour ce faire, il importerait d'identifier d'abord les moyens financiers exactement alloués à chaque compétence à partir du budget wallon. L'étape suivante consisterait alors à identifier les ressources financières revenant à la Région germanophone (taxes propres, impôts régionaux, IPP régional, parts attribuées des recettes d'IPP, etc.). À partir de ces informations, nous serions en mesure de déterminer les moyens financiers dont les autorités fédérées germanophones auraient besoin afin de prendre en charge les anciennes compétences de la Région wallonne sur leur territoire. Pour le reste, bien que le présent rapport postule et recommande de tendre à la neutralité budgétaire à l'issue de l'éventuelle réalisation du scénario «Région germanophone» exposé plus haut, nous ne sommes pas en mesure de confirmer, à ce stade, que les autorités fédérées germanophones recevraient les moyens correspondants à leurs besoins. Il en irait particulièrement ainsi sous l'angle des incidences, sur le rendement de l'IPP, des flux de navetteurs observables aujourd'hui en région de langue allemande, toutes autres choses restant égales. À supposer que ces flux engendreraient effectivement un déséquilibre budgétaire, les mécanismes de compensation qui nous semblent les plus efficaces reposeraient sur le recours à des dotations. Enfin, nous n'apercevons rien dans la LSF qui s'opposerait à une éventuelle extension du mécanisme vertical de solidarité nationale, applicable aux trois Régions existantes, à une hypothétique Région germanophone.

Why should you choose this book? This publication is primarily intended to academia, including post graduate students pursuing research degrees. It explores the core aspects of contemporary corporate strategies, public policies and practices that create value. This publication is a concise and authoritative guide on the business case for corporate social responsibility (CSR). It provides a thorough understanding on the theoretical underpinnings of corporate social responsibility, business ethics, corporate citizenship and creating shared value, among other notions. Moreover, its empirical studies show how stakeholder engagement and sustainability strategies can create synergistic value for both business and society in a global context. It suggests that both academia and business practitioners can employ corporate sustainability and responsibility practices as a guiding principle for their business success. Mark Anthony Camilleri, PhD (Edinburgh) ; Responsible behaviors are increasingly being embedded into new business models and strategies that are designed to meet environmental, societal and governance deficits. Therefore, the notion of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has become very popular among academia as this concept has continuously been challenged by those who want corporations to move beyond transparency, business ethics and stakeholder engagement. Back in 1979, Archie B. Carroll affirmed that business have economic responsibilities to provide a decent return on investment to owners and shareholders; by creating jobs and fair pay for workers; discovering new resources; promoting technological advancement, innovation, and the creation of new products and services along with other objectives. Lately, there is a similar discourse in many international fora, conferences, seminars and colloquia about corporate sustainability and responsible behaviors. However, the discussions are usually characterized by the presentation of theories that define the concepts, rather than by being practical workshops (which involve the businesses themselves). In this light, this book clearly identifies the business case for CSR. It attempts to trigger active participation in corporate suites. Inevitably, it contends that there are still some challenging opportunities facing businesses, which will have to be addressed in the foreseeable future; including Stakeholder Relations and Collaborations, Government Regulation for CSR Compliance and the role of Strategic CSR in Education and Training. In this light, this book's theoretical underpinnings and empirical studies suggest that businesses can do well by doing good. It builds on the previous theoretical underpinnings of the CSR agenda, including Business Ethics (Crane and Matten, 2004); Stakeholder Engagement (Freeman, 1984); Corporate Citizenship (Carroll, 1998; Waddock, 2004; Matten and Crane, 2005), Creating Shared Value (Porter and Kramer, 2011; 2006; Crane, Palazzo, Spence & Matten, 2014), as it presents the latest Corporate Sustainability and Responsibility (CSR2.0) perspective (Visser, 2011,2014; Camilleri, 2017). This promising notion is being recognized as a concept that offers new ways of thinking and behaving. It has potential to deliver significant benefits to both business and society as it is an easy term that may appeal to business practitioners. CSR2.0 is linked to improvements in economic performance, operational efficiency, higher quality, innovation and competitiveness. At the same time, it raises awareness on responsible behaviors. Therefore, CSR2.0 can be considered as strategic in its intent and purposes, as businesses are capable of being socially and environmentally responsible 'citizens' whilst pursuing their profit-making activities. This latter perspective suggests that responsible behavioral practices may be re-conceived to confer competitive advantage over rival firms. Therefore, this contribution makes reference to laudable investments that could unleash value to business and society. It implies that CSR2.0 demands business to build adaptive approaches with stakeholders for the benefit of the firm and for societal advancement. Chapter 1 presents a thorough literature review on corporate social responsibility and its other related constructs, including corporate citizenship, stakeholder engagement and business ethics. Hence, this chapter reported on how CSR has evolved to reflect the societal realities. Chapter 2 reviews the different definitions of the corporate responsibility paradigms and draws comparisons between related concepts. The author contends that organization studies; economic, institutional, cultural and cognitive perspectives are shaping the corporate responsibility agenda. She cleverly presents the benefits of integrating multiple perspectives and discusses about the possible research avenues in the realms of corporate responsibility. Chapter 3 suggests that the field of CSR is ushering a new era in the relationship between business and society: in the CSR 2.0 era. The author puts forward a Total Responsibility Management (TRM) approach that may be useful for business practitioners who intend adopting CSR behaviors. This chapter posits that CSR strategies including managing relationship with stakeholders will contribute to the companies´ success and will also bring community welfare. Chapter 4 focuses on the national governments' regulatory role of raising awareness on CSR behaviors among businesses. The author suggests that there is scope for the state agencies to promote CSR as a business case for companies. She provides an outline of the current state of "supranational regulative policies on public procurement" within the European Union context. Chapter 5 uses a stakeholder perspective to encapsulate the CSR concept. The authors investigated social value cocreation (SVCC) through a qualitative study among different stakeholders (customers, employees, and managers). They implied that businesses ought to clarify their motives, by opening channels of communication with stakeholders. This way, there will be a higher level of SVCC with increased (stakeholder) loyalty toward the firms. Chapter 6 sheds light on Porter and Kramer's (2011) shared value proposition. The author explains how collaborative stakeholder interactions could lead to significant improvements in the supply chain. Chapter 7 involved a longitudinal study that investigated how four different State Owned Enterprises communicated with Māori communities between 2008 and 2013. This study contributes to the extant research on the legitimacy theory and CSR communication with ethnic minorities in the Aotearoa (New Zealand) context. Chapter 8 links the CSR paradigm with risk management. The author suggests that Serbian businesses ought to adopt corporate sustainable and responsible approaches in terms of their disaster risk reduction prior to environmental emergencies. Chapter 9 involved a quantitative analysis that explored the CSR practices within the hospitality industry. The authors suggested that there were distinct social and environmentally responsible behaviors in different geographical areas. They argued that institutions can take their results into account when drawing up policies that are aimed at fostering responsible tourism practices. Chapter 10 examined how CSR communication of self-serving motives can lead to more trust and credibility among stakeholders as well as corporate reputation. The authors implied that the marketers should be aware of how the public perceive CSR behaviors. Chapter 11 reports that corporate or organizational storytelling, is increasingly being used as a promotional tool to communicate CSR information to stakeholders. The authors present four companies that have used storytelling with the aims of transmitting values, fostering collaboration, leading change and sharing knowledge on responsible practices. Chapter 12 relates corporate sustainability to the construct of emotional capital. The authors maintain that emotional capital enables businesses to attract and retain talent. They maintain that there are significant improvements to the firms' bottom lines If they invest in responsible human resources management. Chapter13 suggests that the transition from the CSR to CSR 2.0 requires the adoption of five new principles - creativity, scalability, responsiveness, glocality and circularity. The authors posit that these principles ought to be embedded within the organizations' management values and culture. The authors propose a new framework that can be used to manage the processes of socially responsible organizations. Chapter 14 investigated the banks' behaviors during the economic crisis in Turkey. The authors reported on the bank's CSR strategies as they supported small and medium sized enterprises, as well as local communities during the financial turmoil. Chapter 15 offers insights on sustainable tourism as the authors investigated the constraints that explain why an attitude–behavior gap exists in responsible tourists' behaviors. Chapter 16 examines three leading networks that are intended to promote corporate sustainability and responsibility. The author explores their growing influence as he reviews their objectives, organizational structures, types of activities, practices and impacts. References Camilleri, M.A. (2017) Corporate Sustainability, Social Responsibility and Environmental Management: An Introduction to Theory and Practice with Case Studies. Springer, Heidelberg, Germany. http://www.springer.com/us/book/9783319468488 Carroll, A. B. (1979). A three-dimensional conceptual model of corporate performance. Academy of management review, 4(4), 497-505. Carroll, A. B. (1998). The four faces of corporate citizenship. Business and society review, 100(1), 1-7. Crane, A., & Matten, D. (2004). Questioning the domain of the business ethics curriculum. Journal of Business Ethics, 54(4), 357-369. Crane, A., Palazzo, G., Spence, L. J., & Matten, D. (2014). Contesting the value of "creating shared value". California management review, 56(2), 130-153. Freeman, R. E. (1984). Strategic Management: A stakeholder approach. Boston: Pitman. ISBN 0-273-01913-9. Matten, D., & Crane, A. (2005). Corporate citizenship: Toward an extended theoretical conceptualization. Academy of Management review, 30(1), 166-179. Porter, M. E., & Kramer, M. R. (2006). Strategy and society: the link between corporate social responsibility and competitive advantage. Harvard business review, 84(12), 78-92. Porter, M. & Kramer, M. R. (2011). Creating shared value. Harvard business review, 89(1/2), 62-77. Visser, W. (2011). The age of responsibility: CSR 2.0 and the new DNA of business. John Wiley & Sons. Visser, W. (2014). CSR 2.0: Transforming corporate sustainability and responsibility. Heidelberg^ eBerlin Berlin: Springer. Waddock, S. (2004). Parallel universes: Companies, academics, and the progress of corporate citizenship. Business and society Review, 109(1), 5-42. ; peer-reviewed

1. INTRODUCCIÓN O MOTIVACIÓN DE LA TESIS. Los ecosistemas de dehesa (montados en Portugal) son uno de los más característicos de la Península Ibérica. Su importancia tanto ecológica como económica ha llevado a la inclusión de este ecosistema entre los protegidos bajo la Directiva hábitats de la Unión Europea (Anexo I de la Directiva del Consejo 92/43/ EEC relativa a la conservación de los hábitats naturales y de la fauna y flora silvestre) y a formar parte de la red natura 2000. Las dehesas son ecosistemas seminaturales creados y mantenidos por el hombre, constituidos por arboleda dispersa, principalmente del género Quercus, pastos, matorral, fauna silvestre y ganadería extensiva. La dehesa es ante todo un sistema de producción ecológica en donde la integración de la fauna silvestre, el ganado y la arboleda define el carácter seminatural del ecosistema. Desde la década de los 90 se viene observando un severo decaimiento de los Quercus mediterráneos en las dehesas del suroeste de España y Portugal que está ocasionando una alta mortalidad de encinas y alcornoques. Entre los factores asociados a este decaimiento, la podredumbre radical causada por Phytophthora cinnamomi destaca por su gravedad. Phytophthora cinnamomi es un patógeno de distribución mundial capaz de infectar a miles de especies huéspedes. Se encuentra en la lista de las 100 peores especies invasoras del mundo, y es especialmente virulento causando la podredumbre radical de encinas y alcornoques que lleva a la muerte del arbolado, que según las condiciones ambientales puede ser un proceso de muerte lenta (decaimiento) o de muerte súbita. En ambos casos, los síntomas observados a nivel aéreo son amarillez y/o marchitez foliar, defoliación y muerte regresiva de brotes y ramas (puntisecado) y a nivel radical, necrosis de las raicillas absorbentes o ausencia de las mismas. La enfermedad radical es difícil de controlar debido a la longevidad de las esporas de resistencia, su alta capacidad de movimiento a través del agua libre del suelo y a su alto número de huéspedes. En ecosistemas de dehesa, la naturaleza del patosistema Quercus/ Phytophthora no permite la utilización de métodos de control legislativo (cuarentenas) o la aplicación masiva de fungicidas, por lo que se debe plantear un sistema de control que integre distintas medidas culturales y biológicas de bajo coste y acordes a la producción ecológica de las dehesas. En este contexto, la biofumigación se presenta como una técnica candidata a formar parte del manejo integrado de la enfermedad. La biofumigación se basa en la actividad biocida de compuestos volátiles (isotiocianatos, nitrilos, etc.) liberados tras la hidrólisis de los glucosinolatos (GSLs), metabolitos secundarios producidos por especies de la familia Brassicaceae. Los GSLs son enzimáticamente hidrolizados en el suelo por la acción de la enzima endógena mirosinasa. Se conocen más de 130 GSLs diferentes, pero el efecto nocivo de éstos contra patógenos, plagas y malas hierbas parece estar relacionado con un perfil concreto de GSLs, o con un GSL específico. Está demostrado que estos productos son tóxicos para un amplio número de patógenos de suelo, incluyendo a hongos, bacterias y nematodos, así como a oomicetos pertenecientes al género Phytophthora, pero su efecto sobre P. cinnamomi aún es desconocido. 2. CONTENIDO DE LA INVESTIGACIÓN. Esta Tesis parte de la hipótesis de que los compuestos volátiles liberados tras la incorporación al suelo de material biofumigante puede minimizar la capacidad de P. cinnamomi de infectar raíces de encinas y alcornoques en dehesas. El primer paso para poder verificar la efectividad de esta estrategia de control ha sido conocer cuál es la densidad de inóculo crítica a partir de la cual se desarrolla la enfermedad radical. En observaciones de campo se han referenciado densidades de inóculo muy variables en dehesas con presencia de P. cinnamomi en el sur de España, en una horquilla que varía entre 4 y 2500 Unidades Formadoras de Colonia (CFU)×g-1 de suelo seco. Nuestros experimentos demuestran que infestaciones de suelo a partir de 61 CFU×g-1 dan lugar al desarrollo de los síntomas radicales en Quercus, si bien valores tan bajos como 3 CFU×g-1 son suficientes para poder detectar la presencia del patógeno en raíces asintomáticas. Se evaluó cómo la biofumigación afecta a los distintos estadios vegetativos y reproductivos del ciclo de vida de P. cinnamomi. Para ello se ensayaron diferentes genotipos de tres especies con potencial biofumigante cosechadas en distintos estados fenológicos: Brassica carinata, B. juncea y B. napus. Se analizó el perfil de GSLs de cada genotipo y su evolución con el desarrollo de la planta, y posteriormente se evaluó el efecto de los volátiles liberados tras la hidrólisis de los tejidos sobre el crecimiento miceliar, la producción de esporangios y zoosporas, la viabilidad de las clamidosporas del patógeno en suelo natural infestado y el desarrollo de la enfermedad in planta. De los biofumigantes seleccionados, sólo los genotipos de B. carinata y B. juncea, ricos en el GSL sinigrina, demostraron potencial para ser usadas contra P. cinnamomi, ya que inhibieron su crecimiento miceliar, disminuyeron significativamente la producción de esporangios y disminuyeron la viabilidad de las clamidosporas en el suelo por debajo del umbral mínimo para el desarrollo de la enfermedad en raíces de Quercus. Sin embargo, cuando los suelos tratados se testaron sembrando plantas altamente susceptibles al patógeno (Lupinus luteus) sólo las plantas que crecieron en suelos biofumigados con B. carinata desarrollaron significativamente menos síntomas radicales que aquellas sembradas en suelos no tratados o en suelos biofumigados con el resto de especies. Se evaluó la efectividad de la harina de semillas de los mismos genotipos debido a su alta concentración en GSLs con respecto a las partes verdes en cualquier estado fenológico. Se comprobó que de nuevo sólo los genotipos ricos en sinigrina resultaron efectivos en la disminución de la viabilidad de las clamidosporas por debajo del umbral crítico para el desarrollo de la enfermedad en Quercus y, en este caso, la biofumigación del suelo con estos genotipos dio lugar a que las plantas de Lupinus no mostraran síntomas de la enfermedad, difiriendo del elevado nivel de síntomas que se observó en las plantas que crecieron en suelo no biofumigado o biofumigado con harina de semillas de genotipos sin sinigrina. Sin embargo, en ensayos de producción en dehesa de genotipos de B. carinata y B. juncea ricos en sinigrina se comprobó el escaso rendimiento de estos cultivos, por lo que se concluye que la producción directa de biofumigantes en dehesa no resulta factible y sería necesario producir semilla en otras áreas agrícolas de mayor productividad para ser posteriormente aplicada en suelos de dehesa. Para confirmar que la efectividad de los biofumigantes testados se debe a su elevado contenido en el GSL sinigrina y conocer si hay otras especies efectivas con distinto perfil de GSLs, se evaluó la actividad biofumigante de 14 especies de plantas pertenecientes a la familia Brassicaceae. En primer lugar, se clasificaron a las especies candidatas en tres grupos en función de su perfil de GSLs: Grupo A, plantas ricas en GSLs aromáticos, Gupo B1, plantas ricas en sinigrina y Grupo B2, plantas ricas en GSLs alifáticos distintos de sinigrina, y posteriormente se evaluó la inhibición del crecimiento micelial de P. cinnamomi como indicativo de su capacidad biofumigante, seleccionando especies de distinto grupo para evaluar su efectividad en la disminución de la viabilidad de las clamidosporas en suelo, y el posterior desarrollo de la enfermedad en plantas de Lupinus. Los resultados obtenidos confirmaron el papel de la sinigrina como principal GSL con capacidad biofumigante sobre P. cinnamomi, ya que únicamente los biofumigantes del Grupo B1 mostraron efecto biocida sobre cultivos in vitro de P. cinnamomi y sobre las clamidosporas en el suelo, impidiendo el desarrollo de la enfermedad en las plantas que crecieron en los suelos infestados que fueron tratados con estos biofumigantes. Tras la confirmación de que la capacidad biofumigante contra P. cinnamomi reside en el contenido en sinigrina del material empleado, se planteó el desarrollo de un producto ready-to-use con una alta concentración en este GSL para su aplicación directa en suelos de dehesa usando como materia prima un residuo industrial y fertilizantes cálcicos de efectividad demostrada contra P. cinnamomi. El producto, altamente efectivo in vitro, consistió en un extracto enriquecido en GSLs procedente de residuos de B. juncea producidos en la industria de obtención de aceites, suplementado con materia verde liofilizada como fuente de mirosinasa y CaCO3 como corrector de pH. 3. CONCLUSIÓN. Este trabajo demuestra que la biofumigación es una técnica efectiva que puede ser incorporada en la lucha integrada contra la podredumbre radical de los Quercus causada por P. cinnamomi en ecosistemas de dehesa. La biofumigación con plantas ricas en sinigrina reduce significativamente la viabilidad de las esporas de resistencia del patógeno en el suelo y minimiza la producción de zoosporas infectivas, disminuyendo significativamente la capacidad de P. cinnamomi para infectar raíces y causar enfermedad. Debido a que el método tradicional de enterrado en verde utilizando un cultivo biofumigante producido in situ es de difícil aplicación en dehesas por su baja productividad, que también se manifiesta en la producción de semillas (material con mayor contenido en sinigrina), se ha desarrollado un producto efectivo que resulta fácil de obtener, almacenar y usar en dehesas aplicándolo directamente al suelo cuando sea necesario. Además, la fabricación de este producto, usando como materia prima un residuo de la obtención industrial de aceite, es un respaldo al carácter ecológico que caracteriza la producción en estos ecosistemas.

WOS: 000411988800002 ; Dijet events are studied in the proton-proton collision dataset recorded at root s = 13 TeV with the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider in 2015 and 2016, corresponding to integrated luminosities of 3.5 fb(-1) and 33.5 fb(-1) respectively. Invariant mass and angular distributions are compared to background predictions and no significant deviation is observed. For resonance searches, a new method for fitting the background component of the invariant mass distribution is employed. The dataset is then used to set upper limits at a 95% confidence level on a range of new physics scenarios. Excited quarks with masses below 6.0 TeV are excluded, and limits are set on quantum black holes, heavy W' bosons, W* bosons, and a range of masses and couplings in a Z' dark matter mediator model. Model-independent limits on signals with a Gaussian shape are also set, using a new approach allowing factorization of physics and detector effects. From the angular distributions, a scale of new physics in contact interaction models is excluded for scenarios with either constructive or destructive interference. These results represent a substantial improvement over those obtained previously with lower integrated luminosity. ; ANPCyT, ArgentinaANPCyT; YerPhI, Armenia; ARC, AustraliaAustralian Research Council; BMWFW, Austria; FWF, AustriaAustrian Science Fund (FWF); ANAS, AzerbaijanAzerbaijan National Academy of Sciences (ANAS); SSTC, Belarus; CNPq, BrazilNational Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq); FAPESP, BrazilFundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP); NSERC, CanadaNatural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; NRC, Canada; CFI, CanadaCanada Foundation for Innovation; CERN; CONICYT, ChileComision Nacional de Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnologica (CONICYT); CAS, ChinaChinese Academy of Sciences; MOST, ChinaMinistry of Science and Technology, China; NSFC, ChinaNational Natural Science Foundation of China; COLCIENCIAS, ColombiaDepartamento Administrativo de Ciencia, Tecnologia e Innovacion Colciencias; MSMT CR, Czech RepublicMinistry of Education, Youth & Sports - Czech RepublicCzech Republic Government; MPO CR, Czech RepublicCzech Republic Government; VSC CR, Czech RepublicCzech Republic Government; DNRF, Denmark; DNSRC, DenmarkDanish Natural Science Research Council; IN2P3-CNRS, FranceCentre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CEA-DSM/IRFU, France; SRNSF, Georgia; BMBF, GermanyFederal Ministry of Education & Research (BMBF); HGF, Germany; MPG, GermanyMax Planck Society; GSRT, GreeceGreek Ministry of Development-GSRT; RGC, China; Hong Kong SAR, China; ISF, IsraelIsrael Science Foundation; I-CORE, Israel; Benoziyo Center, Israel; INFN, ItalyIstituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare; MEXT, JapanMinistry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (MEXT); JSPS, JapanMinistry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (MEXT)Japan Society for the Promotion of Science; CNRST, Morocco; NWO, NetherlandsNetherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO)Netherlands Government; RCN, Norway; MNiSW, PolandMinistry of Science and Higher Education, Poland; NCN, Poland; FCT, PortugalPortuguese Foundation for Science and Technology; MNE/IFA, Romania; MES of Russia; NRC KI, Russian Federation; JINR; MESTD, Serbia; MSSR, Slovakia; ARRS, SloveniaSlovenian Research Agency - Slovenia; MIZS, Slovenia; DST/NRF, South Africa; MINECO, Spain; SRC, Sweden; Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden; SERI, Switzerland; SNSF, SwitzerlandSwiss National Science Foundation (SNSF); Cantons of Bern and Geneva, Switzerland; MOST, TaiwanMinistry of Science and Technology, Taiwan; TAEK, TurkeyMinistry of Energy & Natural Resources - Turkey; STFC, United KingdomScience & Technology Facilities Council (STFC); DOE, USAUnited States Department of Energy (DOE); NSF, USANational Science Foundation (NSF); BCKDF; Canada Council; CANARIE; CRCAustralian GovernmentDepartment of Industry, Innovation and ScienceCooperative Research Centres (CRC) Programme; Compute Canada; FQRNTFQRNT; Ontario Innovation Trust, Canada; EPLANET, ERC, ERDF, FP7, Horizon 2020 and Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions, European Union; Investissements d'Avenir Labex and Idex, FranceFrench National Research Agency (ANR); DFGGerman Research Foundation (DFG); EU-ESFEuropean Union (EU); Greek NSRFGreek Ministry of Development-GSRT; BSF, IsraelUS-Israel Binational Science Foundation; GIF, IsraelGerman-Israeli Foundation for Scientific Research and Development; Minerva, Israel; BRF, Norway; CERCA Programme Generalitat de Catalunya, Generalitat Valenciana, SpainGeneralitat Valenciana; Royal Society and Leverhulme Trust, United Kingdom; WLCG; ATLAS Tier-1 facilities at TRIUMF(Canada); NDGF (Denmark, Norway, Sweden); CC-IN2P3 (France); KIT/GridKA (Germany); INFN-CNAF (Italy); NL-T1 (Netherlands)Netherlands Government; PIC (Spain); ASGC (Taiwan); RAL (UK); BNL (USA); Tier-2 facilities worldwide; ANR, FranceFrench National Research Agency (ANR); Region Auvergne, FranceRegion Auvergne-Rhone-Alpes; Fondation Partager le Savoir, France; AvH Foundation, GermanyAlexander von Humboldt Foundation; ANPCyT, ArgentinaANPCyT; YerPhI, Armenia; ARC, AustraliaAustralian Research Council; BMWFW, Austria; FWF, AustriaAustrian Science Fund (FWF); ANAS, AzerbaijanAzerbaijan National Academy of Sciences (ANAS); SSTC, Belarus; CNPq, BrazilNational Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq); FAPESP, BrazilFundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP); NSERC, CanadaNatural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; NRC, Canada; CFI, CanadaCanada Foundation for Innovation; CERN; CONICYT, ChileComision Nacional de Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnologica (CONICYT); CAS, ChinaChinese Academy of Sciences; MOST, ChinaMinistry of Science and Technology, China; NSFC, ChinaNational Natural Science Foundation of China; COLCIENCIAS, ColombiaDepartamento Administrativo de Ciencia, Tecnologia e Innovacion Colciencias; MSMT CR, Czech RepublicMinistry of Education, Youth & Sports - Czech RepublicCzech Republic Government; MPO CR, Czech RepublicCzech Republic Government; VSC CR, Czech RepublicCzech Republic Government; DNRF, Denmark; DNSRC, DenmarkDanish Natural Science Research Council; IN2P3-CNRS, FranceCentre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CEA-DSM/IRFU, France; SRNSF, Georgia; BMBF, GermanyFederal Ministry of Education & Research (BMBF); HGF, Germany; MPG, GermanyMax Planck Society; GSRT, GreeceGreek Ministry of Development-GSRT; RGC, China; Hong Kong SAR, China; ISF, IsraelIsrael Science Foundation; I-CORE, Israel; Benoziyo Center, Israel; INFN, ItalyIstituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare; MEXT, JapanMinistry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (MEXT); JSPS, JapanMinistry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (MEXT)Japan Society for the Promotion of Science; CNRST, Morocco; NWO, NetherlandsNetherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO)Netherlands Government; RCN, Norway; MNiSW, PolandMinistry of Science and Higher Education, Poland; NCN, Poland; FCT, PortugalPortuguese Foundation for Science and Technology; MNE/IFA, Romania; MES of Russia; NRC KI, Russian Federation; JINR; MESTD, Serbia; MSSR, Slovakia; ARRS, SloveniaSlovenian Research Agency - Slovenia; MIZS, Slovenia; DST/NRF, South Africa; MINECO, Spain; SRC, Sweden; Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden; SERI, Switzerland; SNSF, SwitzerlandSwiss National Science Foundation (SNSF); Cantons of Bern and Geneva, Switzerland; MOST, TaiwanMinistry of Science and Technology, Taiwan; TAEK, TurkeyMinistry of Energy & Natural Resources - Turkey; STFC, United KingdomScience & Technology Facilities Council (STFC); DOE, USAUnited States Department of Energy (DOE); NSF, USANational Science Foundation (NSF); BCKDF; Canada Council; CANARIE; CRCAustralian GovernmentDepartment of Industry, Innovation and ScienceCooperative Research Centres (CRC) Programme; Compute Canada; FQRNTFQRNT; Ontario Innovation Trust, Canada; EPLANET, ERC, ERDF, FP7, Horizon 2020 and Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions, European Union; Investissements d'Avenir Labex and Idex, FranceFrench National Research Agency (ANR); DFGGerman Research Foundation (DFG); EU-ESFEuropean Union (EU); Greek NSRFGreek Ministry of Development-GSRT; BSF, IsraelUS-Israel Binational Science Foundation; GIF, IsraelGerman-Israeli Foundation for Scientific Research and Development; Minerva, Israel; BRF, Norway; CERCA Programme Generalitat de Catalunya, Generalitat Valenciana, SpainGeneralitat Valenciana; Royal Society and Leverhulme Trust, United Kingdom; WLCG; ATLAS Tier-1 facilities at TRIUMF(Canada); NDGF (Denmark, Norway, Sweden); CC-IN2P3 (France); KIT/GridKA (Germany); INFN-CNAF (Italy); NL-T1 (Netherlands)Netherlands Government; PIC (Spain); ASGC (Taiwan); RAL (UK); BNL (USA); Tier-2 facilities worldwide; ANR, FranceFrench National Research Agency (ANR); Region Auvergne, FranceRegion Auvergne-Rhone-Alpes; Fondation Partager le Savoir, France; AvH Foundation, GermanyAlexander von Humboldt Foundation ; We thank CERN for the very successful operation of the LHC, as well as the support staff from our institutions without whom ATLAS could not be operated efficiently. We acknowledge the support of ANPCyT, Argentina; YerPhI, Armenia; ARC, Australia; BMWFW and FWF, Austria; ANAS, Azerbaijan; SSTC, Belarus; CNPq and FAPESP, Brazil; NSERC, NRC and CFI, Canada; CERN; CONICYT, Chile; CAS, MOST and NSFC, China; COLCIENCIAS, Colombia; MSMT CR, MPO CR and VSC CR, Czech Republic; DNRF and DNSRC, Denmark; IN2P3-CNRS, CEA-DSM/IRFU, France; SRNSF, Georgia; BMBF, HGF, and MPG, Germany; GSRT, Greece; RGC, Hong Kong SAR, China; ISF, I-CORE and Benoziyo Center, Israel; INFN, Italy; MEXT and JSPS, Japan; CNRST, Morocco; NWO, Netherlands; RCN, Norway; MNiSW and NCN, Poland; FCT, Portugal; MNE/IFA, Romania; MES of Russia and NRC KI, Russian Federation; JINR; MESTD, Serbia; MSSR, Slovakia; ARRS and MIZS, Slovenia; DST/NRF, South Africa; MINECO, Spain; SRC and Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden; SERI, SNSF and Cantons of Bern and Geneva, Switzerland; MOST, Taiwan; TAEK, Turkey; STFC, United Kingdom; DOE and NSF, USA. In addition, individual groups and members have received support from BCKDF, the Canada Council, CANARIE, CRC, Compute Canada, FQRNT, and the Ontario Innovation Trust, Canada; EPLANET, ERC, ERDF, FP7, Horizon 2020 and Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions, European Union; Investissements d'Avenir Labex and Idex, ANR, Region Auvergne and Fondation Partager le Savoir, France; DFG and AvH Foundation, Germany; Herakleitos, Thales and Aristeia programmes co-financed by EU-ESF and the Greek NSRF; BSF, GIF and Minerva, Israel; BRF, Norway; CERCA Programme Generalitat de Catalunya, Generalitat Valenciana, Spain; the Royal Society and Leverhulme Trust, United Kingdom. The crucial computing support from all WLCG partners is acknowledged gratefully, in particular from CERN, the ATLAS Tier-1 facilities at TRIUMF(Canada), NDGF (Denmark, Norway, Sweden), CC-IN2P3 (France), KIT/GridKA (Germany), INFN-CNAF (Italy), NL-T1 (Netherlands), PIC (Spain), ASGC (Taiwan), RAL (UK) and BNL (USA), the Tier-2 facilities worldwide and large non-WLCG resource providers. Major contributors of computing resources are listed in Ref. [92].