Suchergebnisse

This book will address the destruction of urban forest in nine cities by bombing during World War II and the Bosnian War and their reconstruction in the post-war years. After reviewing the general objectives and results of aerial bombing, the book explores the effects of bombing and the reconstruction of urban forest in London, Coventry, Hamburg, Dresden, St. Petersburg, Stalingrad, Tokyo, Hiroshima, and Sarajevo. Sarajevo stands out among these cities because the destruction of its urban forest was the result of citizens cutting down trees for firewood during the siege of the city. Most of the cities studied developed plans for reconstruction either during or after the war. These plans often addressed the planning and re-establishment of the urban forest that had been destroyed. Urban planners often planned for infrastructure improvements such as new boulevards and parks where trees would be planted. After the war many of these plans were abandoned or significantly modified. Cost, resistance by property owners, control of reconstruction by authorities outside of the cities, and the lack of planting stock were factors contributing to the failure of many of the plans. Exceptions occurred in Hiroshima and Coventry where the destroyed cities became symbols of national reconstruction and every effort was made to redesign the destroyed portions of these cities as memorials to those who lost their lives and to demonstrate the rebirth of the cities. In several of the cities studied individual citizens undertook on their own the replanting of street and park trees. Their ingenuity, hard work, and dedication to trees in their cities was remarkable. A common factor limiting efforts to replant street and park trees was the lack of nursery stock. During and immediately after the wars nearly all nurseries that had supplied trees for city planting had been converted to vegetable gardens to produce food for the urban populations. The slow return to the production of trees for urban planting was a common factor in the time required in many cities to restore their street and park trees. There are lessons to be learned by urban planner, urban forester, and landscape architects from this book that will be useful in the future destruction of urban forest either by natural or man-made causes.

The paper offers a reconstruction of the origins of disciplines particularly in German-speaking countries, through the contributions of Jacob Christoph Burckhardt, Friedrich Engels, George Simmel, Camillo Sitte, Max Weber, just to name a few, and the way in which their work shaped cultures and systematizations of knowledge.Using a dialogical form, scholars with different education discuss how and when different interests and stream of researches crystallized into disciplines, and how and when they have approached or moved away from each other over time depending on the predominance of questions or problems, but also in relation with changes in the political context or even for ideological reasons.

With the use of available archival materials, the density and types of Palaeolithic settlements of the chosen urban agglomeration have been reconstructed. Considering the character of this study and availability of archival documents, the city of Brno, presently the second biggest city in the Czech Republic in terms of density of population, was selected. The discovered sites with evidence of Palaeolithic settlement were located using absolute coordinates and visualised using the ArcGis software. The research showed that even the present urban agglomeration holds relevant information on the original settlements and that it is possible to predict other potential locations with Palaeolithic finds.

Designating parts of the city's protected areas that are worthy of preservation has been part of urban-planning practice in Europe since at least the 1970s. Such efforts drew on post-war reconstruction planning, which had already addressed questions of which parts of historic city centers were worth preserving or rebuilding. However, the influence of reconstruction planning on the will to preserve historical city centers has so far been under-researched. The central concern of this article is to understand the reconstruction process not only as a moment of planning but also as an instance of inheritance and preservation. Close consideration of Vienna shows that the reconstruction period offered new opportunities, including some for the preservation movement. By designating buildings and entire Altstadt-Inseln ("old town islands") as worth preserving, an attempt was made to influence the planning process. A review of historic maps and written documents shows how early cartographic and written heritage records guided not only the reconstruction process but also the longer-term development of the city. By exploring the discourse on preservation and repair that was carried out as part of reconstruction planning in Vienna, this article illustrates the consequences of this negotiation process and the ascription of value to monuments and ensembles, which formed the basis for the preservation of "Old Vienna" in the 1960s and 1970s and can still be traced today.

Introduction : rebuilding as an urban identification project -- Wartime destruction and historical identification -- Local victory over Moscow : planning for the future -- Accommodation : bringing life to the rubble -- Agitation : rewriting the urban biography in stone -- Persistence and resilience of local identification.

The cities of Japan are an exceptional source of learning on competitiveness of cities. They have recovered from disaster, dealt with population influx, industrialized at a rapid pace, responded to environmental challenge, reached the technological frontier, undergone a housing bubble and its collapse, and reconstruction followed by the natural disasters. Today, they face threats of demographic and technological change that are far from unique to the developed world. The Kobe Case highlights important lessons both on reconstruction of the city after a devastating earthquake devising ambitious new designs for devastated areas and building a life sciences cluster in modern era. This research was prepared by the Tokyo Development Learning Center (TDLC) under the auspices of the Social, Urban, Rural, and Resilience Global of the World Bank Group. Its objective is to create a knowledge base on what makes cities competitive, understand job creation at the city level, and capture the unique development experience of Japan for broad dissemination to development practitioners, government officials, academia and the private sector. The team would like to gratefully acknowledge the Government of Japan and its continued support of the Tokyo Development Learning Center (TDLC) program.