Suchergebnisse

M.A.PUBLIC POLICY LEADERSHIP ; This study examines whether it is clientelism rather than corruption that accounts for the daily diet of accusations traded by the political parties and members of the public. This research investigates the distinction between clientelism and corruption and the confluence of factors that encourages or facilitates corruption. The research, therefore, lays the foundation for credible studies on the phenomena of clientelism, maladministration and corruption as they are manifested in Malta. This research answers several questions, including: Is the influence trading that goes on in Maltese Politics and government a symptom of clientelism, or is actual corruption involved? What cases of clientelism and/or corruption have been alleged or identified in Maltese Politics? What cases of political clientelism and/or corruption are most evident in Maltese Politics? Is there a pattern of clientelism and/or corruption in Maltese Politics? This study includes the collection of data from two local newspapers, namely, In Nazzjon and L-Orizzont to uncover articles related to alleged clientelism or corrupt practices. Therefore, this study will mainly consist of a document-based research using qualitative methods by utilising primary and secondary sources, chiefly in the form of newspaper articles. This study further includes a closer look at one case study pertaining to such an alleged case as drawn from the data collected. The notion of corrupt clientelism evident in this research is a vicious circle that facilitates the incorporation of corrupt exchanges revolving around three basic features, namely, resources, actors, and legality. Corruption and clientelism thrive on inequality, both in terms of power and resources. ; N/A

Hauptbeschreibung Die Untersuchung befasst sich mit dem insbesondere im französischen Strafrecht existierenden Tatbestand des »Trafic d'influence« (Dt.: Missbräuchlicher Handel mit Einfluss). Der den Korruptionsdelikten zuzuordnende Straftatbestand wird dadurch verwirklicht, dass bestehender oder behaupteter Einfluss auf die öffentliche Verwaltung »verkauft« bzw. »gekauft« wird. Vom deutschen Strafrecht werden entsprechende Verhaltensweisen nur in wenigen Fällen erfasst. Ziel der Arbeit ist die Beantwortung der Frage, ob ein solcher Straftatbestand in das deutsche Recht eingeführt werden sollte, was die Strafwürdigkeit entsprechender Verhaltensweisen voraussetzt. Nachdem die einzelnen Kriterien zur Beurteilung der Strafwürdigkeit zunächst abstrakt bestimmt werden, wird schließlich aufgezeigt, dass bestimmte Fallkonstellationen des missbräuchlichen Handels mit Einfluss als strafwürdig anzusehen sind und deshalb pönalisiert werden sollten. Inhaltsverzeichnis Einführung Problemstellung - Gang der Untersuchung 1. Teil: Allgemeines zum missbräuchlichen Handel mit Einfluss Der Begriff des missbräuchlichen Handels mit Einfluss - Die Grundstruktur des missbräuchlichen Handels mit Einfluss - Abgrenzung zum anerkannten Lobbyismus und zum Sponsoring - Missbräuchlicher Handel mit Einfluss in anderen Rechtsordnungen - Internationale Vorgaben 2. Teil: Der missbräuchliche Handel mit Einfluss im französischen Recht Allgemeines - Struktur - Abgrenzung zu anderen Straftatbeständen des NCP 3. Teil: Beurteilung des missbräuchlichen Handels mit Einfluss nach deutscher Rechtslage Rechtslage im deutschen Strafrecht - Rechtslage im Nebenstrafrecht - Rechtslage im Disziplinarrecht 4. Teil: Festlegung der Strafwürdigkeitskriterien Der Begriff der Strafwürdigkeit - Unterscheidung zwischen Verhaltens- und Sanktionsvorschriften? - Festlegung der maßgeblichen

European Union legislation on transmission capacity allocation and congestion management thrives to achieve fair and consistent treatment for European market participants. A lack of sufficient and coordinated methods to handle internal congestions in capacity calculation and allocation reduces given transmission capacity to the market. This leads to inefficient market and undue discrimination between market participants depending on location of internal congestions. Challenge is noticed in Finnish congestion management when production is shifting towards north whereas most of the consumption is located in south. Improved methods should consider socio-economic impacts and treat market participants without undue discrimination. This master thesis discusses transmission capacity calculation between internal and cross-zonal trade including rules to avoid undue discrimination. Developed method improves currently used congestion management practices by estimating market impacts of capacity reduction during internal congestions in European market area. Congestion management during capacity calculation is realised either with redispatching or cross-border transmission capacity reduction. A decision between these methods is depending on which method shows lower socio-economic costs and higher market efficiency. Socio-economic impacts of reduced transmission capacity were estimated based on market information gathered from years 2016–2017. Results show that socio-economic impact for reduced cross-zonal transmission capacity is averagely within 15–45 €/MWh during congestion while the majority of values are within 20–30 €/MWh indicating lower values than average Finnish day-ahead market price. Most of market impacts occur in Finnish bidding zone, respectively capacity changes influence Swedish and Baltic State bidding zones. Highly volatile redispatching costs were estimated subject to balancing market prices due to relatively low quantity of historical redispatching measures. When comparing costs between capacity reduction and redispatching, results conclude socio-economic justification of redispatching especially below 100 MW congestions in all price ranges due to similar or even lower costs than capacity reduction. Above this, relieving congestions based on absolute costs of required actions and therefore, congestions within 100–200 MW are generally relieved with redispatching if reasonably priced resources are available. During even higher congestions, the availability of redispatch should be considered and capacity reduction is justified.

In seinem vielbeachteten Urteil vom 07.02.2019 hat das BAG entscheiden, dass ein arbeitsrechtlicher Aufhebungsvertrag auch dann unwirksam sein kann, wenn er unter Missachtung des Gebots fairen Verhandelns zustande gekommen ist. Im Rahmen einer umfassenden, rechtsordnungsübergreifenden Auswertung von Rechtsprechung und Literatur untersucht die Verfasserin Ursprung und Inhalt dieser umstrittenen Rechtsfigur und erarbeitet Konkretisierungsvorschläge. Gleichzeitig spricht sie sich für die Einführung eines allgemeinen Widerrufsrechts für arbeitsrechtliche Aufhebungsverträge als klares rechtspolitisches Signal für einen optimierten Arbeitnehmerschutz aus und rundet ihre Untersuchung mit einem konkreten Entwurf eines solchen Widerrufsrechts ab.

AbstractMediators teach new trainees that the process of mediation requires impartiality and neutrality, but in some contexts the actual practice of mediation does not seem to be as neutral as stated. New concepts in the field, such as that of transformational rather than problem‐solving approaches, require us to look again at the concepts of neutrality. Whether or not a mediator will use certain techniques or modes, and how this relates to the level of emotions that are dealt with during the mediation, will depend on not only the model the mediator uses but also on the mediator's concept of what constitutes undue influence, impartiality, and neutrality. In this article, the author sorts out the terminology and the historical basis for our concepts of neutrality and relates this to the other issues that affect mediators. She advances the idea that neutrality needs to be seen on a continuum and that ethical practice of neutrality may vary depending on the context of the dispute and the mandate given by the participants.