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This paper examines roles of the government in responding to the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. The paper provides theoretical background of government's roles in the market system and in the public health profession. Based on practical cases, academic studies, and public survey data during the first year of the pandemic, the paper analyzes government's roles as: protector of public health and safety, regulator of business operations and individual behaviors, and manager of economic stability and growth. The paper concludes with discussions about the characteristics of governmental intervention, critiques of governmental failure, and challenges of government collaboration.

"Communication in the Age of the COVID-19 Pandemic centers around changes in communication as a byproduct of the COVID-19 pandemic. Specific contexts include changes in our intimate relationships and changes in how media outlets communicate to audiences"--

There are no widely accepted, quantitative definitions for the end of a pandemic such as COVID‐19. The end of the pandemic due to a new virus and the transition to endemicity may be defined based on a high proportion of the global population having some immunity from natural infection or vaccination. Other considerations include diminished death toll, diminished pressure on health systems, reduced actual and perceived personal risk, removal of restrictive measures and diminished public attention. A threshold of 70% of the global population having being vaccinated or infected was probably already reached in the second half of 2021. Endemicity may still show major spikes of infections and seasonality, but typically less clinical burden, although some locations are still hit more than others. Death toll and ICU occupancy figures are also consistent with a transition to endemicity by end 2021/early 2022. Personal risk of the vast majority of the global population was already very small by end 2021, but perceived risk may still be grossly overestimated. Restrictive measures of high stringency have persisted in many countries by early 2022. The gargantuan attention in news media, social media and even scientific circles should be tempered. Public health officials need to declare the end of the pandemic. Mid‐ and long‐term consequences of epidemic waves and of adopted measures on health, society, economy, civilization and democracy may perpetuate a pandemic legacy long after the pandemic itself has ended.

"By email: Commonwealth Officials: Dear Agency Heads, Chief Financial Officers and Procurement Officials."

Se dan a conocer distintas estrategias de optimización matemática que ayuden a combatir las problemáticas generadas por el COVID-19. Para tal fin, las estrategias presentadas emplean metodologías de optimización comúnmente aplicadas en otras áreas de la ciencia para atender la logística de vacunas, el consumo de energía, el impacto ambiental, el impacto económico y la gestión de los recursos sanitarios, entre otros. Impulsar el desarrollo de este tipo de estrategias permitirá estar mejor preparados ante la posibilidad de futuras pandemias.

This Open Access Book contains reports on the situation of people in the second half of life during the first year of the Covid-19 pandemic. The analyses are based on the German Ageing Survey (DEAS) and they provide insights on four main areas of life: income and work, subjective health and well-being, social support and loneliness as well as societal participation. This book is useful for scientists as well as political actors by directing attention to the risk groups that have been hard hit by the pandemic while also highlighting the resilience and adaptive capacities of many people in the second half of life.

Purpose
This paper aims to analyze conflict resolution strategies among individuals who encountered disputes with family, neighbors, workmates, businesses, strangers, government authorities or other members in their communities during the COVID-19 pandemic.


Design/methodology/approach
Applying a difference-in-difference approach by sex, the authors use a representative panel of adults living in 82 cities from across Mexico to measure changes in antisocial strategies (violence) and prosocial strategies (non-confrontational methods and dialogue) to resolve disputes.


Findings
During the COVID-19 pandemic, men reduced their use of violence by 19.6% while women did so by 17.4%. There was a parallel rise in non-confrontational strategies used to solve conflicts equal to 73.6% for men and 62% for women. The use of dialogue as a tool for resolving disputes increased by more in cities that banned the sale of alcohol. Alternative Twitter data corroborates the main findings, suggesting that individuals are becoming more prosocial during the pandemic.


Originality/value
To the knowledge, this is the first empirical study to analyze changes in strategies for conflict resolution as a consequence of the COVID-19 pandemic. This paper contributes to the literature by demonstrating how individuals adapt their dispute strategies under extraordinary circumstances such as a pandemic, with a focus on a middle-income setting.

We analyze the effect of the COVID-19 outbreak on the demand for new loans across a nationally representative sample of over 10,000 firms in 45 countries. Loan demand decreases in response to the COVID-19 outbreak; however, this effect is heterogeneous across firms and countries. Small firms increase the demand for new loans whereas firms in economically more developed countries with better institutions make less loan applications following the start of the pandemic. Small firms face higher rejection rates resulting in less reliance on bank loans as a source of financing cash flow shortages. The implications of these findings together with future research directions are discussed.

Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Chapter 1: Introduction: The Perspective of Global Bioethics -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Global Threats -- 1.3 International Cooperation -- 1.4 Ethics and Health Care -- 1.5 Bioethics as Social Ethics -- 1.6 Images of Globalization -- 1.7 Overview of the Book -- References -- Chapter 2: Pandemic Pasts. Experiences from History -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 The Black Death -- 2.3 The Blue Death -- 2.4 The Spanish Flu -- 2.5 Pandemic Experiences -- 2.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3: Emerging Infectious Diseases -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Emerging Infections -- 3.3 The Illusion of Conquest -- 3.4 Microbial Traffic -- 3.5 Virosphere -- 3.6 Viral Threats -- 3.7 The Source of Covid-19 -- 3.8 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4: Diverging Policy Responses -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Variability of Policies Within Countries -- The Example of the Netherlands -- 4.3 Variability of Policies Between Countries -- 4.4 Policy Strategies -- 4.5 Global Challenges -- 4.5.1 Testing Capacity -- 4.5.2 Shortages -- 4.5.3 Lack of Coordination and Cooperation -- 4.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5: Diverging Facts and Values -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 The Second Wave -- 5.3 Continuing Waves -- 5.4 Evidence, Uncertainty and Risk -- 5.4.1 The Numbers Game -- 5.4.2 Risk Rituals -- 5.4.3 The Precautionary Principle -- 5.4.4 The Role of Experts -- 5.4.5 The Impact of Social Media -- 5.5 Controversies -- 5.5.1 The Origin of the Virus -- 5.5.2 The Characteristics of the Virus -- 5.5.3 Symptomatology -- 5.5.4 Infectiousness -- 5.5.5 Transmission -- 5.5.6 Distancing -- 5.5.7 Masking -- 5.5.8 Immunity -- 5.5.9 Vulnerability -- 5.5.10 Role of Animals -- 5.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6: Linking Experience and Reflection -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Pandemic Language -- 6.2.1 Fighting Covid-19.

This paper considers the implications of COVID for open borders. It notes that while COVID concerns do not directly challenge arguments for open borders, the pandemic has revealed two more general phenomena that are salient for such arguments. The first concerns the increasing unmooring of legal borders from physical spaces and the interaction of surveillance and identification technologies with this process. The second addresses the issue of interdependency and the potentially negative implications of open borders if not underpinned by a global basic structure.