Suchergebnisse

Mestrado em Finanças ; Num mundo global, as empresas tem desenvolvido as suas atividades em diversos países da União Europeia tendo que enfrentar alguns obstáculos económicos e fiscais. Desde os tempos primórdios, de 1950, as Comunidades Europeias cujo objetivo primário é a aproximação das Nações do Velho Continente, temos visto uma proliferação do desenvolvimento de negócios e empresas para além fronteiras na Europa. Este crescimento corporativo internacional levou ao aparecimento de distorções e erosões fiscais, devido ao fluxo de capital entre Nações que levantam algumas preocupações sobre a capacidade dos Governos de aplicar a sua legislação fiscal relativamente aos impostos corporativos. Esta é uma das grandes inquietações da Autoridade Fiscal e Aduaneira da União Europeia, que ao longo destes últimos anos tem procurado por um método eficaz de harmonização fiscal onde todos os 28 Estados Membros pudessem depender, assim como fortalecer o Mercado Único. Em 2001, foi introduzida a ideia da Matéria Coletável Comum Consolidada onde mais tarde, em 2011, deu lugar à apresentação da Proposta Diretiva de Matéria Coletável Comum Consolidada do Imposto sobre as Sociedades (MCCCIS) como uma solução para a harmonização fiscal corporativa. Contudo, os estudos preliminares demonstraram que a resposta para o problema em questão, não seria a melhor resposta, no momento, visto que traria distorções adicionais aquando a substituição pelos Sistemas Fiscais dos 28 Estados Membros. Este trabalho demonstra que em Portugal, a diferença entre o Sistema Fiscal atual e a implementação do MCCCIS é reduzida e não traria qualquer vantagem para a harmonização fiscal corporativa. ; In a global world, companies that develop its activities in many countries of the European Union, have to face many economic and fiscal obstacles. Since the dawn, in 1950, of the European Communities, which main objectives were to bring the Old Continent Nations together, we have seen a proliferation of cross-countries business development and the establishment of multinational companies throughout Europe. This cross-border corporation growth led to some tax distortions and erosions, mainly regarding the capital shifting between nations raising some concerns about the ability of Governments to apply their own tax legislation, essentially the corporate tax. This is one of the main concerns of the European Commission Taxation and Customs Union that throughout the past years have been researching for a tax harmonization method in which all 28 Member States could rely on and empower the Single Market. In 2001, the idea of a common consolidated tax base was introduced which led later on, in 2011, the introduction of the Directive?s Proposal of a Common Consolidated Corporate Tax Base (CCCTB) as the inner solution for corporate tax harmonization. Although, preliminary studies showed us that it could not be, for now, the answer for the issue at hand due to the distortions that may create replacing the 28 Member States tax legislation in force in the European Union. This work shows that in Portugal the difference between the existing tax legislation and CCCTB is reduced and would not bring any advantage for corporate tax harmonization. ; info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

This paper is divided into six parts. Following this
introduction a reivew of the fiscal policies pursued by the Government
of Pakistan is presented in the second section. The third section
contains an assessment of the performance of different taxes while the
fourth presents the reasons for low revenue performance. The key issues
in tax policy reform are discussed in the fIfth section. The final
section presents the recommendations for future policy directions. The
taxation structure of Pakistan is both Federal and Provincial in nature.
This structure was derived from the revenue-sharing provisions of the
Government of India Act, 1935 and has been incorporated into successive
constitutions delineating the respective revenue powers of the Federal
and Provincial Governments. Under the present constitution, the Federal
Government has the constitutional right to levy a wide range of direct
and indirect taxes [Government of Pakistan (1973)]. Federal direct taxes
comprise of personal and corporate income tax (excluding tax on
agriculture income), and capital taxes (excluding tax on immovable
property). Since the abolition of estate duties and gift taxes, the
latter include wealth tax and Capital Value Tax. One time Capital Assets
Tax on companies was levied in 1991. Income of small businesses is
subject to fixed tax. Minimum tax at the rate of 0.5 percent of turnover
applies to Corporate and Registered Firm taxpayers. Presumptive tax
regime applies to dividends and interest, prizes on prize bonds,
lotteries and raffles, payments for contract execution and supply of
goods, and value of imported and exported goods [Government of Pakistan
(1991)].

Qualitative case studies suggest that the outcomes of tax treaty negotiations are determined by power politics and negotiating capability. In contrast, quantitative studies have tended to depart from a model that implies absolute gains, full rationality, and perfect information on the part of both treaty signatories. This paper bridges the gap by replicating two existing quantitative studies, introducing new, more sophisticated data. New fiscal data are drawn from the ICTD Government Revenue Dataset, while treaty content is measured using the ActionAid Tax Treaties Dataset. It finds that developing countries that raise more corporate income tax are more likely to sign tax treaties with wealthier countries, and more likely to negotiate higher withholding tax rates in those treaties, but not more likely to obtain a better negotiated result overall. In contrast, developing countries that raise more revenue in total are more likely to negotiate better outcomes in other clauses of the treaty that are more obscure and technically complex. There is also a strong learning effect, with better outcomes across the board as a developing country gains experience of signing tax treaties. Finally, greater asymmetries in investment stocks and material capabilities lead to worse outcomes for developing countries.

Applying a property tax base sharing plan similar to the one used in Minneapolis-St Paul, Minn produces relatively small fiscal benefits for most central cities. Apparently this is neither a solution to central city fiscal problems nor a fiscal alternative to metropolitan governmental reorganization. It appears that merely expanding the property tax base, which was once sufficient for meeting central city fiscal needs, will no longer work. The implications of this conclusion are important to areas of the country where growth is slowing, even areas outside the central city. A different tax base altogether & a shifting of financial responsibilities are more in order. 2 Tables. Modified AA.

ABSTRACTThis paper introduces Gini‐based decomposition formulae for the redistributive effect of income taxation. It examines the interaction between and the relative significance of tax base and tax rate components in the final determination of the overall redistributive effect. The resulting formulae can readily be applied to available income and tax statistics.

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