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This study aims to assess the economic costs of COVID-19 and the state of emergency implemented by the Government of Mozambique, relying on a social accounting matrix. It produces numerical results that represent the direct effect on (or 'shocks' to) the economy associated with the pandemic. We distinguish four channels-supply, demand, investment, and export-by which the state of emergency and other efforts influence economic activity. Our simulation suggests that the Mozambican economy lost a total of 3.6 per cent growth in 2020 and that total employment was 1.9 per cent down compared to a scenario without COVID-19. The main part of this loss is foreign-instigated, resulting from a demand reduction for Mozambican products by the rest of the world. The most heavily affected economic sectors are trade and accommodation and mining. Furthermore, our simulation implies that the production factors of capital and urban labour are more affected than rural labour. Moreover, the multisector multiplier analysis brings out the high dependence of Mozambique on a small number of export items (including tourism). Accordingly, Mozambique should promote economic diversification and explore the potential of reducing Mozambique's vulnerability to foreign shocks.

Many recent empirical studies on comparative growth focus on
the supply side determinants of growth. This paper highlights the
insights to be gained from employing a demand-determined growth model. A
modelling framework along the Social Accounting Matrix, empirically
analysed for a group of sixteen countries at different stages of
economic development, gives support to the convergence
thesis.

This paper discusses a new approach for studying sanctions based on multipliers derived from the Social Accounting Matrix. I apply the methodology to the South African case and discuss output effects and distributional impacts on factors and households. The results show that the effects of trade sanctions on the South African economy are significant.

Indonesia is one of the three largest tropical forest countries. Indonesia's forest area is about 120.35 million hectares or about 60% of Indonesia's land area. Indonesia's forest is not only important for the people of Indonesia both in terms of its ecologic and economic role, but also important for the global environment, particularly in relation to climate change. Forests could become carbon storage in large quantities, but also can be a source of carbon emissions.Indonesia's forests currently facing problems of deforestation and degradation, which contributed approximately 20% of global CO2 emissions, so that the Indonesian government put a high attention on the issue of REDD (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation). REDD schemes is expected to assist Indonesia in reducing deforestation and forest degradation for forest sustainability and provide economic income from carbon trading.This paper aims to identify the impact of carbon trading under Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Indonesia (REDDI) scheme on income ofinstitutions that consist of households, companies and government using the Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) approach. Accounting multiplier is used to calculate the impact of REDDI scheme on institutions income in the year 2005.The results indicate that the impact of REDDI on institution income for the minimum scenario is U.S.$ 0.68 billion whereas for the maximum scenario is U.S. $. 28.86 billionREDDI give the greatest impact on households' income (59.66%) than followed companies (28.17%) and government (12.17%).Keywords: carbon trading, deforestation, degradation, forest

AbstractThis study assesses the economic costs of COVID‐19 and the state of emergency implemented by the Government of Mozambique. We use a social accounting matrix multiplier analysis to estimate the effects of the pandemic on the economy. Our simulations suggest that the Mozambican economy lost 3.6 percentage points of GDP growth in 2020 and that employment was 1.9 percentage points down. These losses were primarily driven by export shocks, the most heavily affected sectors being trade and accommodation and mining. Mozambique faces a critical challenge of how to promote economic diversification and reduce vulnerability to foreign shocks.

This study assesses the economic costs of COVID‐19 and the state of emergency implemented by the Government of Mozambique. We use a social accounting matrix multiplier analysis to estimate the effects of the pandemic on the economy. Our simulations suggest that the Mozambican economy lost 3.6 percentage points of GDP growth in 2020 and that employment was 1.9 percentage points down. These losses were primarily driven by export shocks, the most heavily affected sectors being trade and accommodation and mining. Mozambique faces a critical challenge of how to promote economic diversification and reduce vulnerability to foreign shocks.

Social Accounting Matrices (SAMs) provide detailed empirical representations of an economy's circular flow between production, income distribution and expenditure. The authors apply SAM techniques to analyze sectoral linkages and multiplier effects in the Tunisian economy. Using the Leontief inverse matrix derived from input-output data, the authors attempted to model the impacts of demand shocks under three scenarios: with traditional exogenous variables, endogenizing investment, and endogenizing government spending.
Endogenous government spending strengthens input linkages as upstream suppliers like services and agro-foods expand to meet demand. However, larger deficits can also displace private activity through substitution, requiring consideration of sectoral crowding out risks.
Endogenous investment similarly stimulates production capacity, deepening manufacturing and construction backward linkages. Analyzing changes in linkage indicators over the scenarios highlights Tunisia's opportunities and challenges in structural transformation. As new high-linkage sectors emerge, coordinated policy interventions could leverage spillovers, for example in agro-processing value chains.
But balanced public investment is needed to facilitate moderate diversification while monitoring sectoral crowding out. Overall, the SAM analysis emphasizes Tunisia faces a balancing challenge between agriculture, services and advanced sectors.

The main objective of this paper is to contribute to India's macroeconomic database of Input-Output Tables (IOTs) and Social Accounting Matrices (SAMs). The Central Statistics Office (CSO) of the Government of India has been regularly publishing IOTs since the 1960s. The latest table was published in 2012 for the reference year 2007-08. Although a Supply and Use Table (SUT) is available for 2012-13, a corresponding IOT has not been presented thus far. Given the significance of these databases in understanding complex inter-relationships within economies, it is imperative that they are regularly made available to practitioners in the field. Therefore, to maintain continuity, this paper proposes to transform the SUTs into a symmetric I-O flow matrix. A 140 x 140 commodity matrix will comprise a uniquely detailed database, useful to practitioners and policy makers alike. We also propose to compile satellite accounts based on the new I-O table. Since the government has not published such matrices for several years, we develop a methodology to undertake their construction. In addition, this study seeks to enrich India's anthology of SAMs by constructing a disaggregated matrix of 140 sectors for the Indian economy. Such an extensive database can be used for I-O, SAM and computable general equilibrium (CGE) modelling of energy, employment and climate policies for India. ; IFPRI5; DCA ; SAR ; Non-PR