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Introduction The rapid spread of the pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV26 2/)(COVID-19) virus resulted in governments around the world instigating a range of measures, including mandating the wearing of face coverings on public transport/in retail outlets. Methods We developed a sequential assessment of the risk reduction provided by face coverings using a step-by-step approach. The United Kingdom Office of National Statistics (ONS) Population Survey data was utilised to determine the baseline total number of community-derived infections. These were linked to reported hospital admissions/hospital deaths to create case admission risk ratio and admission-related fatality rate. We evaluated published evidence to establish an infection risk reduction for face coverings. We calculated an Infection Risk Score (IRS) for a number of common activities and related it to the effectiveness of reducing infection and its consequences, with a face covering, and evaluated their effect when applied to different infection rates over 3 months from 24th 36 July 2020, when face coverings were made compulsory in England on public transport/retail outlets. Results We show that only 7.3% of all community-based infection risk is associated with public transport/retail outlets. In the week of 24th 40 July, The reported weekly community infection rate was 29,400 new cases at the start (24th July). The rate of growth in hospital admissions and deaths for England was around -15%/week, suggesting the infection rate, R, in the most vulnerable populations was just above 0.8. In this situation, average infections over the evaluated 13 week follow-up period, would be 9,517/week with face covering of 40% effectiveness, thus reducing average infections by 844/week, hospital admissions by 8/week and deaths by 0.6/week; a fall of 9% over the period total. If, however, the R-value rises to 1.0, then average community infections would stay at 29,400/week and mandatory face coverings could reduce average weekly infections by 3,930, hospital admissions by 36 and deaths by 2.9/week; a 13% reduction. These reductions should be seen in the context that there was an average of 102,000/week all-cause hospital emergency admissions in England in June and 8,900 total reported deaths in the week ending 7th August 2020. Conclusion We have illustrated that the policy on mandatory use of face coverings in retail outlets/on public transport may have been very well followed, but may be of limited value in reducing hospital admissions and deaths, at least at the time that it was introduced, unless infections begin to rise faster than currently seen. The impact appears small compared to all other sources of risk, thereby raising questions regarding the effectiveness of the policy.

BACKGROUND: Achieving universal health coverage will require robust private sector engagement; however, as many low- and middle-income countries launch prepayment schemes to achieve universal health coverage, few are covering products from retail drug outlets (pharmacies and drug shops). This case study aims to characterize barriers and facilitators related to incorporating retail drug outlets into national prepayment schemes based on the experience of the Tanzanian National Health Insurance Fund's (NHIF) certification of pharmacies and accredited drug dispensing outlets. METHODS: We reviewed government documents and interviewed 26 key informants including retail outlet owners and dispensers and central and district government authorities representing eight districts overall. Topics included awareness of NHIF in the community, access to medicines, claims processing, reimbursement prices, and how the NHIF/retail outlet linkage could be improved. RESULTS: Important enablers for NHIF/retail outlet engagement include widespread awareness of NHIF in the community, NHIF's straightforward certification process, and their reimbursement speed. All of the retail respondents felt that NHIF helps their business and their clients to some degree. As for barriers, retailers thought that NHIF needed to provide more information to them and to its members, particularly regarding coverage changes. Some retailers and government officials thought that the product reimbursement prices were below market and not adjusted often enough, and pharmacy respondents were unhappy about claim rejections for what they felt were insignificant issues. All interviewees agreed that one of the biggest problems is poor prescribing practices in public health facilities. They reiterated that prescribers need more supervision to improve their practices, particularly to ensure adherence to standard treatment guidelines, which NHIF requires for approving a claim. In addition, if a prescription has any problem, including a wrong date or no signature, the ...

This research focuses on determining the effects of a window display (flat or arcade or corner) on consumers' perception and shopping attitudes (intentions for store entry and purchase) in the context of retail clothing sales. To test the assumption that there are relationships between various types of store windows and consumers' perception of store windows and shopping attitudes, a study was undertaken. According to the results, consumers seem to have a more positive perception of arcade windows which acts as a motivational aspect for purchasing of clothes in retail outlets. Incase of establishing relationship between demographic variables of the respondents with their perception towards window display, it was found that Age and Occupational status of the respondents have significant relationship with the customers perception towards store window display at 5% level of significance.

In present days the penetration of organized retailing outlets is growing faster than unorganized retail outlets and it has been witnessed by many retail reports. Rapid urbanization, availability of large variety of multinational brands, increasing literacy, increasing DINKS families and changing lifestyle and preferences has contributed to the growth of organized retail outlets in India. The organized retail outlets growing faster in Tirupati town due to Indian government announced under smart city programme. The study aims to identify key retail store attributes determining shoppers' perception and satisfaction in Tirupati city, Andhra Pradesh. The study reveals that highest proportion of the shoppers agreed upon as a place to shop and followed by a place to compare as a utility aspects of organized retail outlets. There is a significant impact of store attributes on shoppers' satisfaction. On observed individual store attributes impact on shoppers' satisfaction, it is clear that Quality, Wide Product Range, Discount, Product Display, Ambience, Value for Money, Promotional Offers, Behaviour of the Staff, Mode of payment and Loyalty points have significant impact on shoppers' satisfaction.

PurposeThe fuel retailing landscape in India is undergoing a structural shift with the reforms undertaken by the government that would help the private and foreign firms to enter this market. India is poised to become the world's largest growth market for energy by the mid-2020s. IoT has become an integral digital technology for the fuel retailers in the retail oil outlet (ROO) ecosystem. The purpose of this paper is to develop an Internet of Things (IoT) business model for the Indian oil marketing companies (OMCs') ROOs.Design/methodology/approachUsing literature review along with a survey among 660 respondents led to 402 valid observations, and the variables that contributed to IoT adoption at the OMCs' ROOs were identified. Using the BMC tool (Osterwalder and Pigneur, 2009), the relative importance of the variables within each building block was established. The means of all the variables were measured against the average of all the variables, and significant differences were searched for in each block. The notable differences of the means along with significant high and low means were highlighted.FindingsThis paper depicts empirical research that led to a framework of an IoT business model for Indian public sector ROOs. It also represents the usefulness of the Technology-Organization-Environment framework at the OMCs ROOs and extends the literature by incorporating "data security" to the existent framework of technology, organization and environment within the IoT ecosystem.Research limitations/implicationsThe outcome of the research should be analysed in the Indian context as all the respondents were from India. The study was conducted for the ROOs of Indian Oil Corporation Limited, Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited and Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited and excluded their downstream operations. The dispensers in the OMCs vary along with their marketing strategies in the retail segments. The IoT business model can be customized for a particular OMC, which is scope of further research.Practical implicationsThe study has practical implications for those global fuel retailers embarking on the IoT adoption drive at their ROOs about the need to install "data security" measures in the connected IoT environment. The study provides insights on how the OMCs can stay ahead of competition in the Indian market vis-à-vis the private sector fuel retailers by embracing the IoT business model.Social implicationsThe new emerging technological business models provide competitive edge to those organizations adopting them (Barney, 1991; Clemons and Row, 1991; Feeny and Ives, 1990). The study will enable the OMCs to implement the IoT business model at their ROOs for enhancing their revenue streams and profitability and lowering of operating costs. The study provides insights on how the OMCs can stay ahead of competition in the Indian market vis-à-vis the private sector fuel retailers by embracing the IoT business model.Originality/valueThe contribution of the paper is that it is among the first to map the variables that contribute to IoT adoption at the OMCs' ROOs, within the building blocks of the BMC tool (Osterwalder and Pigneur, 2009), according to their importance. To retain their dominance and have a first-mover competitive advantage, this study enables the OMCs to adopt the IoT business model and transform their ROOs into Internet-connected intelligent fuel outlets.

The seafood production sector in Spain is adapting to face the challenges of increasing retail market concentration. Supermarket chains and other retailers are imposing various requirements on suppliers. In a review of government data on seafood sales and prices, the authors found the salmon sector is totally involved in retail concentration. Seabass and sea bream are between identification as products of mass consumption or niche products. Trout and turbot are more traditional species not affected by competition across retail outlets.

"The retail sector is an integral part of a national economy. From the political economy perspective, all consumer goods have surplus values locked up in them; the surplus values are not realized until the consumer goods are purchased by consumers through various distribution channels. As such, retailing is the essential link between production and consumption. The success of a retail business depends on two general factors: the location of the retail outlet, and management of the business. Both factors are equally important. If the business is located at a wrong place with a wrong customer base, it will not generate expected sales. Similarly, if the business is poorly managed and operated, it will not perform well even if the location is right. Influenced by both traditional and new location theories, Retail Geography is conceptualized and organized using the retail planning process as the framework. The technical and methodological chapters help guide the reader with detailed descriptions of the techniques and are supported with practical examples to reflect the latest software development. Retail Geography provides a state-of-the-art summary and will act as a core textbook for undergraduate and graduate students of economic geography interested in specializing in retail and business geography. The practical examples also make it a valuable handbook for practitioners in the fields, as well as students of retail management and commercial real estate management."

We explore issues relating to the vertical structure of ownership and control in gasoline distribution and retailing. Some have argued that refiner control of the retail sector has increased California gasoline prices, prompting proposals for legislation to restrict refiner participation in gasoline retailing. We study the arguments for and against government intervention in gasoline distribution and retailing, and describe the conditions under which such intervention could be justified. In theory, vertical controls in the gasoline industry can produce both positive and negative effects. Many vertical controls can increase efficiency, both operations and in the transactions between refiners and retail outlet. Some controls, however, could also influence the structure or incentives of refiners in a way that increases their market power (reduces competition) and could therefore prove costly to consumers. In general, the positive aspects of vertical controls impact the pricing and operations of retail outlets, and are passed through to consumers in the form of lower retail mark-ups over wholesale prices. The negative consequences primarily impact wholesale prices through the influence of vertical structure on the incentives of refiners to reduce competition at the wholesale level. We conclude that in order to make a case that public intervention could be justified as a basis for reducing consumer prices, one must establish both that intervention could indirectly reduce the wholesale margins of refiners and that these wholesale benefits are not offset by increased costs and market power at the retail level.

The retail industry originated from the local high street to expanding shopping centres and out of town shopping centres. However, in the past 15 - 20 years the industry has taken multiple hits and is now currently at its lowest point ever. There is now a growing amount of shop closing, leaving multiple empty units due to previous recession and increase in online shopping. Ever since the recession, many businesses struggled to survive and had reported losses during this period due to lack of business, lack of investment in retail outlet, and shoppers having less disposable income for shopping. Online shopping iscontinuouslygrowing, increasing from 5% in 2008 to 18% in 2019 as shoppers' habits change in terms of where and how they shop[1].However, how frequent they shop will play major roles on future procurement opportunities for the retail construction industry. The recent pandemic (covid-19) with lockdown around the world, will change the way we shop though theeffects are not yet fully established. Procurement for constructing retail units are not as low as earlier anticipated in comparison to the struggling market.Hence, this research aims to analyse the changes in the retail industry, its effect on procurement of retail outlets and longevity of the construction industry, with the objectives of creating an awareness within the industry and government policy maker so that the resulting effect can be address to prevent unemployment this might generate or loosing our high street retail outlet completely. The research uses secondary data and tender information from Building Cost Information Services (BCIS), and identifies the following changes in Retail Industry: increase online shopping, changes in consumer buying habits and changes to the customer shopping experience.