Suchergebnisse

ABSTRACTThe paper reviews the current capabilities of processes for phosphorus and nitrogen removal in relation to the EC urban waste water treatment Directive. The Directive is briefly described and the implications for the UK are discussed. This is followed by a review of biological and chemical processes for nutrient removal with special reference to their current state of application and performance. Particular attention is paid to processes for biological phosphorus removal which, in the past, was said to be less reliable than the chemical options but which is now being more widely applied in other parts of Europe as well as South Africa and North America. Processes for modifying both activated sludge and biological filter systems to meet the Directive are briefly described.

BACKGROUND: Forest landscape restoration (FLR) has been adopted by governments and practitioners across the globe to mitigate and adapt to climate change and restore ecological functions across degraded landscapes. However, the extent to which these activities capture CO2 with associated climate mitigation impacts are poorly known, especially in geographies where data on biomass growth of restored forests are limited or do not exist. To fill this gap, we developed biomass accumulation rates for a set of FLR activities (natural regeneration, planted forests and woodlots, agroforestry, and mangrove restoration) across the globe and global CO2 removal rates with corresponding confidence intervals, grouped by FLR activity and region/climate. RESULTS: Planted forests and woodlots were found to have the highest CO2 removal rates, ranging from 4.5 to 40.7 t CO2 ha−1 year−1 during the first 20 years of growth. Mangrove tree restoration was the second most efficient FLR at removing CO2, with growth rates up to 23.1 t CO2 ha−1 year−1 the first 20 years post restoration. Natural regeneration removal rates were 9.1–18.8 t CO2 ha−1 year−1 during the first 20 years of forest regeneration, followed by agroforestry, the FLR category with the lowest and regionally broad removal rates (10.8–15.6 t CO2 ha−1 year−1). Biomass growth data was most abundant and widely distributed across the world for planted forests and natural regeneration, representing 45% and 32% of all the data points assessed, respectively. Agroforestry studies, were only found in Africa, Asia, and the Latin America and Caribbean regions. CONCLUSION: This study represents the most comprehensive review of published literature on tree growth and CO2 removals to date, which we operationalized by constructing removal rates for specific FLR activities across the globe. These rates can easily be applied by practitioners and decision-makers seeking to better understand the positive climate mitigation impacts of existing or planned FLR actions, or by countries making restoration pledges under the Bonn Challenge Commitments or fulfilling Nationally Determined Contributions to the UNFCCC, thereby helping boost FLR efforts world-wide.

AbstractPatient‐voice clauses within the symmetric voice system of Balinese disallow any extraction from the external‐argument position, while definite external arguments are blocked from occurring altogether. The former fact is traditionally taken as evidence for syntactic ergativity in Austronesian. The latter fact has recently been argued to provide evidence for postsyntactic case licensing via adjacency with the verb. In this article, we offer a simple alternative explanation for the in‐situ properties of patient‐voice agents in Balinese—one that does not make reference to case. We argue that patient‐voice heads come with a feature that triggers removal of the external argument's DP shell, resulting in the loss of a determiner and a category‐D feature that would otherwise enable extraction.

Due to relatively high concentrations of Cd, biomass combustion fly ashes often fail to meet Danish legislative requirements for recycling as fertilizer. In this study, the potential of using electrodialytic remediation for removal of Cd from four different biomass combustion fly ashes was investigated with the aim of enabling reuse of the ashes. The ashes originated from combustion of straw (two ashes), wood chips, and co-firing of wood pellets and fuel oil, respectively. A series of laboratory scale electrodialytic remediation experiments were conducted with each ash. The initial Cd concentration in the ashes varied between 8.8. mg Cd/kg (co-firing ash) and 64. mg Cd/kg (pre-washed straw ash), and pH varied from 3.7 (co-firing ash) to 13.3 (wood ash). In spite of such large variations between the ashes, the electrodialytic method showed to be sufficiently robust to treat the ashes so the final Cd concentration was below 2.0. mg Cd/kg DM in at least one experiment done with each ash. This was obtained within 2 weeks of remediation and at liquid to solid (L/S) ratios of L/S 16 for the pre-washed straw ash and L/S 8 for the straw, co-firing and wood ash. © 2013 Elsevier B.V.

After biological treatment, coke wastewater contains small amounts of phenolic compounds resistant to such treatment. The removal of phenols and COD from coke wastewater subjected to biological treatment was studied. The adsorbents used were granular activated carbon and the resins XAD-2, AP-246 and OC-1074. Equilibrium, kinetics and column assays were carried out, fitting the equilibrium data to Langmuir and Freundlich models and the kinetic data to the Lagergren equation. The best results were obtained with GAC, which presented higher adsorption capacities. In the equilibrium assays, the adsorption capacities (Q) found were 1.48 mg g−1 for GAC versus 0.07 and 0.04 mg g−1 for resins AP-246 and OC-1074, respectively. In the kinetic assays, the values of the Lagergren adsorption parameter, qe, were 1.69, 0.15 and 0.14 mg g−1 for GAC, AP-246 and OC-1074, respectively. In the column assays, the dynamic capacity of GAC for up to 480 bed volumes was 1.82 mg mL−1. No saturation was obtained for this volume due to the asymptotic shape of the breakthrough curve, whereas for the same percolated volume, the resins AP-246 and OC-1074 were saturated. These two resins presented similar saturation capacities of around 1.1 mg mL−1 ; European Union - ECSCS. Project BIOCONTROL (Ref. No. 7210-PR-235)