Agricultural damages caused by wild boar Sus scrofa have given farmers a negative impression of protected areas and their management. To mitigate those damages and the social conflicts that they create, hunting battues involving experienced local hunters were used as a lethal population control method in a protected Iberian wetland. In the Ebro Sotos and Galachos Nature Reserve, Spain, between 1994 and 2011, 259 wild boars were culled during 476 battues. On average, battues involved six hunters and ten dogs, and culling efficiency (number of animals killed per animals seen during battues) was 39 %. The number of battues per year and the area of crop damages caused by wild boar were significantly negatively correlated, demonstrating battue efficiency to decrease damages. Moreover, intermittent population control through culling led to a substantial increase in the wild boar population, with an increase in crop damages. This underlines the importance of constant control. The numbers of hunters and dogs and the number of wild boar seen during battues were strongly correlated. To minimize the conflicts between farmers and the management of protected areas, we suggest that the inexpensive, volunteer-based population control program could be enhanced by incorporating stalking and mobile electric fences. ; This research was part of a long-term culling program in the Ebro Sotos and Galachos Nature Reserve that was implemented by the Regional Government of Aragon, which provided financial support.
1Arbitration — Arbitration tribunal — Composition — Challenge to arbitrator — Appearance of impartiality and independence — Prior representation of party in matters unconnected with arbitration — Participation in board selecting legal adviser — Whether creating appearance of bias — Applicable standard in inter-State arbitration — United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1982 — Dispute settlement before International Court of Justice, International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea or Annex VII arbitration — Whether standard of impartiality and independence the same for all three methods of settlementArbitration — Jurisdiction — United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1982 — Disputes concerning interpretation or application of the Convention — Characterization of dispute — Matter for the tribunal — Proclamation of marine protected area ("MPA") — Whether State proclaiming MPA the "coastal State" — Whether dispute concerning sovereignty over land — Whether tribunal established under Convention possessing jurisdiction to decide on land sovereigntyEnvironment — Marine environment — Marine protected area ("MPA") — Nature of MPA — Whether concerned exclusively with fisheries or pollution — Effect on rights of other States — Chagos Islands — Proclamation by United Kingdom of MPA around Islands — Rights of Mauritius — Fishing rights — Rights to oil and minerals — Right of reversion — Consultation — Whether establishment of MPA compatible with United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1982General principles of international law — Good faith — Abuse of rights — Duties of States under United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1982 — Duty to conduct international relations in good faith — Evidence of improper motive — EstoppelHuman rights — Self-determination — Decolonization — Mauritius — Independence of Mauritius from the United Kingdom — Detachment from Mauritius of the Chagos Islands — Whether contrary to right of self-determination — Whether genuine consent to detachment of Islands — Rights of population of the IslandsInternational organizations — United Nations — General Assembly — Self-determination and decolonization — Role of General Assembly — Independence of Mauritius — Detachment from 2Mauritius of Chagos Islands prior to independence — Condemnation by General AssemblyInternational tribunals — Procedure — Documents — Redacted documents disclosed in national proceedings — Proposal to use documents in inter-State proceedings — Whether unredacted versions should be disclosed — Criteria for non-disclosure — Procedure for determining whether redactions justifiedSea — Law of the Sea — United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1982 — Marine protected area ("MPA") — Fishing rights — Territorial sea — Exclusive economic zone — Articles 2(3), 56(2), 194 and 300 — Coastal State — Duty of coastal State to have due regard to rights of other States — Proclamation of MPA by United Kingdom around Chagos Islands — Whether sufficient account taken of rights of Mauritius — Whether sufficient consultation — Whether contrary to United Kingdom's obligations under ConventionTerritory — Colonial territory — Principle of territorial integrity — Dependency of colony — Mauritius — Chagos Islands — Detachment of Chagos Islands prior to independence of Mauritius from United Kingdom — Whether contrary to international lawTreaties — Nature of treaties — Agreement between United Kingdom Government and government of British colony — Whether governed by international law — Undertakings by United Kingdom Government as part of path to independence — Role of undertakings in the consideration for agreement of colonial government to detachment of territory — Mauritius — Detachment of Chagos Islands prior to independence — Reaffirmation of undertakings by United Kingdom — Whether undertakings binding upon United Kingdom under international law
Vol. 1: Bangladesh. - VII,42 S. : Kt., Lit. S. 35-42. - ISBN 2-8317-0174-0.; Vol. 2: India. - VII,77 S. : Kt., Lit. S. 63-77. - ISBN 2-8317-0175-9.; Vol. 3: Maldives. - VII,38 S. : Kt., Lit. S. 33-38. - ISBN 2-8317-0176-7.; Vol. 4: Pakistan. - VII,42 S. : Kt., Lit. S. 35-42. - ISBN 2-8317-0177-5.; Vol. 5: Sri Lanka. - VII,67 S. : Kt., Lit. S. 57-67. - ISBN 2-8317-0178-3
Worldwide there have been many attempts to implement community-based conservation to gain a more inclusive protection of biological diversity. Reducing human pressures on ecosystems is necessary for favorable ecological outcomes of protected areas, but conservation initiatives that rely on strict enforcement without local support are vulnerable to rule-violations, public protests and a reduced political commitment. The Norwegian government decided in 2009 to employ a community-based conservation strategy for protected areas in Norway, and in this thesis I explore whether the reform has led to less local resistance towards conservation and reduced threats to biodiversity. Included are four studies that shed light on this main research question. In this thesis, I investigate the strictness level of the current conservation policy and the local acceptance of spatially restricting resource use. I evaluate the impact of the Norwegian community-based conservation reform on the local decisions to regulate use, and analyze the views of conservation among local stakeholders. This thesis shows that community-based conservation has accommodated local needs through a less strict conservation practice on private land. The local residents living near the protected areas seemed to accept the idea of restricting residential and industrial development inside protected areas, whereas a large proportion of key local stakeholders were less supportive of prioritizing conservation over economic development. The reform includes two governance bodies that are trusted by stakeholders holding different views of conservation, which suggests that local protected area boards along with stakeholder advisory councils could be in a good position to reconcile contrasting views of conservation. The overall liberal conservation policy and practice makes it reasonable to question the impact protected areas have on reducing threats to biodiversity. The pressure for human activities is high in mountain areas and combined with a more lenient conservation practice this could reduce protected area effectiveness. Therefore I suggest that more attention should be devoted to the impact protected areas have on reducing human activities that pose a threat to biodiversity, compared with a situation without protection.
Development of protected forest is often considered to be a way to preserve biodiversity and ecosystem service. To keep protected area, Indonesia government excludinged local people from protected forest by making a policy which prohibits grazing on protected forest. However, the success of protected forest management often depends on the perception of local people because the policy has affected livestock owners who have an interest in forest use. Exclusion of local people from protected forest leads loss of people income and unemployment. This study applied a socioeconomic approach to examine and analyze the livestock owner perception on forest grazing prohibition in Timor Island of Indonesia by conducting a household survey of 36 livestock owners. The study results showed that 30.6%, 50.0%, 19.4%, 0%, and 0% of livestock owners are totally disagree, disagree, neutral, agree, and totally agree, with grazing prohibition, respectively. In addition, people perception was significantly affected by the number of livestock owned by people. It means that livestock owners mostly reject the policy on grazing prohibition. Indeed policy which prohibits grazing on the protected forest is not effective to be implemented. Government and policy maker should review the policy and consider the refusal of livestock owner toward exclusion policy. The interest of local people should be considered in developing a policy on protected forest.
'Tranquillity' is a key motivator in attracting visitors to the UK's Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB). This popularity means that managing organisations must ensure that development is sensitive to ecological, social and economic interests whilst also fulfilling their duty for providing quiet enjoyment of the countryside. Key to addressing not only these objectives, but also enhancing the specific cultural and natural landscapes that define these IUCN Category V protected areas, is the definition of 'tranquillity'. However defining and then interpreting tranquillity into practice is complex. It is a subjective concept and given statutes assert breadth of rightholder and stakeholder engagement in the formulation of development policy, in planning decisions and with best practice the community's engagement is considered critical, the sheer number of views on what is/not considered to be tranquil is infinite. As such, the challenge concerns just how do you capture and importantly use the breadth of views on the subject. The Broadly Engaging with Tranquillity (BET) project attempts to do just this by progressing a series of participatory dialogues based on principles of consensus, that ultimately results in producing a high resolution GIS planning tool. The entire work is founded on principles of best practice in protected area governance and therefore engagement with rather than consultation on the fullest breadth of views is fundamental, inclusive of those classed as the 'hard to reach' and of visitors to the area. The case study area concerns the landscape of the Dorset AONB, southern England and integrates with the seascape of the Jurassic Coast World Heritage Site. The project results from a collaborative partnership comprised of practitioners, inclusive of staff at Dorset County Council and of the Dorset AONB and of academics, with funding provided by the UK Economic and Social Science Research Council (ESRC). Experiences on and solutions to researching this subject and in utilising the findings are presented through process enhancements in especially civic governance within regional and local government; while the product is a high resolution (5-20m resolution) GIS tranquillity model(s) for use as a planning tool that can be practically implemented in protected area management and that is transferable in the EU and overseas. Denises experience includes leading on policy development and strategic projects targeted at increasing community engagement in protected areas. Her research interests include profiling disengagement and her current activity is ESRC funded, on investigating and modelling public perceptions on tranquillity. Denise is an active member of the IUCN and WCPA.
