Suchergebnisse

Is shale oil "revolutionizing" the global oil market and the geopolitics of oil? If so, how? While two aspects of the shale boom—a new source of supply and a cause for the price collapse in 2014–2015—dominate the conventional wisdom, I argue that the most revolutionary change is the least understood aspect of shale oil—shale oil producers' rise as new swing suppliers due to its unique extraction technique and cost structure. Shale oil producers also differ from traditional swing producers in motives, contexts, and an amount of accessible excess capacity such that while shale oil lowers the medium-term price ceiling, it does not eliminate short-term price volatility. By examining the geopolitics of oil since the advent of shale oil, I analyze how such new market realities have or have not altered the US foreign policy on issues involving possible oil supply disruptions, Saudi Arabia's long-held special status in US grand strategy, rationale for US withdrawal from the Persian Gulf, and the foreign policy of China, the largest oil importer today, and Russia, a major petrostate.

Tööstuspärand (sh kaevanduspärand) on üks pärandi alaliikidest, mida tuleb säilitada tulevastele põlvedele. Tööstuspärandi alla kuulub Eestis ka põlevkivitööstuspärand, mille säilitamise hulk ega ka säilitamisviis ei ole praegu Eestis reguleeritud. Sellest tulenevalt on lõputöö eesmärk määratleda, kui suurel hulgal tuleks põlevkivitööstuspärandit säilitada ning millised peaksid olema selle säilitamisviisid. Lõputöö raames koostati küsimustik (eesti- ja venekeelne), mis viidi läbi Ida-Viru maakonna elanike seas perioodil november-detsember 2015. Küsimustikule vastas 127 indiviidi, kelle vastuseid analüüsiti programmiga MS Excel. Lisaks võrreldi vastajate tulemusi põlevkivitööstuspärandit puudutavate arengudokumentidega. Põlevkivitööstuspärandi erinevaid kategooriaid (tehismäed, karjäärid, tööstus- ja administratiivhooned, elamupiirkonnad) tuleks säilitada ja kasutusele võtta. Leiti, et säilitama peaks mõned kuni pooled esindajad kõikidest kategooriatest. Tehismäed võiks kasutusele võtta vaateplatvormidena, karjäärid tuleks metsastada või hakata neid kasutama turismi- ja spordivaldkonnas, elamupiirkondi võiks kasutada elamu ja suvekodude piirkonnana ning tööstus- ja administratiivhooneid üks kõik kuidas, peaasi, et kasutataks või siis võetaks kasutusele muuseumi, turismi või meelelahutusega seonduvalt. Tänaseks rekultiveeritud ja kasutuses olevad tööstuspärandi objektid (Kohtla kaevanduskompleks, Kiviõli poolkoksimägi, Aidu karjäär) meeldivad kohalikele, nende rekultiveerimisviisi loetakse õigeks ning neid külastataks. Hetkel kasutusest väljas olevat Kohtla-Järve õlitorni ja Sompa kaevanduse peahoonet tuleks säilitada ennekõike arhitektuurilise ilme pärast. Leitakse, et mõlemat võiks kasutada eeskätt muuseumina, õlitorni aga ka näiteks toitlustusasutusena või galerii/näitusesaalina. Kukruse aherainemäge tuleks säilitada ning võimalusel rekultiveerida. Aidu püramiidide rajamist tuleks kaaluda pärast turu-uuringu läbiviimist. Näited sellest, kuidas tööstuspärandit on säilitatud välismaal (maastikupark, kujundatud positiivne pinnavorm, vaateplatvorm) võiksid olla eeskujuks ka Eestis paikneva põlevkivitööstuspärandi säilitamisel. Põlevkivitööstuspärandi säilitamis- ja kasutusviisi peaksid otsustama ennekõike kohalikud omavalitused koostöös elanikega. Arengudokumentides kajastatud info ühtib enamasti vastajate arvamusega. Pigem võib öelda, et põlevkivitööstuspärandi objekte on dokumentides kajastatud liiga vähe. ; Industrial heritage (included mining heritage) is one of the subdivisions of heritage that must be maintained for future generations. One part of industrial heritage is also the oil shale industrial heritage. Its amount of maintaining and the method of storage is not regulated today in Estonia. According to this, the aim of the thesis is to define in what amount the oil shale heritage must be stored and which methods of storage must be used. During the writing of the thesis the questionnaire (in Estonian and Russian) was compiled which was conducted among the people of in the county of Ida-Virumaa in November– December 2016. The questionnaire was answered by 127 people whose results were analysed in MS Excel. In addition to that, the results were compared with the developing documents regarding the oil shale industrial heritage. Different categories of the oil shale industrial heritage as artificial hills, quarries, industrial and administrative buildings, residential areas must be maintained and taken into use. It was found that almost a half of all categories must be maintained. Artificial hills should be used as viewing platforms, quarries should be afforest or use in the field of sport and tourism, residential areas should be areas of summer cottages and industrial and administrative buildings should be just used - maybe as museums, tourist attractions or sports facilities. Places that are re-cultivated and are in use today, for example, mining complex of Kohtla, the hill of semi coke and quarries of Aidu, which are the objects of industrial heritage, are enjoyed by locals. Their way of re-cultivating is good and lots of people would like to visit them. Kohtla-Järve oil tower and main building of Sompa mining, which are not in use at the moment, must be restored as architectural sights. It was said that these buildings might be used as museums and the oil tower might be used for catering or a gallery. Also, Kukruse's artificial hill should be maintained and if possible, to re-cultivate. The construction of Aidu pyramids should be considered after conducting a market research. Samples of foreign maintenance could be good ways to follow to maintain the oil shale industrial heritage in Estonia (landscape park, designed positive surface form, viewing platform). Local governments with local people should decide the way of maintenance and usage of the oil shale industrial heritage. The information that is in development documents coincides with the opinion of responders. There are situations when objects of the oil shale industrial heritage are reflected too few in documents.

Budget. ; The United States Bureau of Mines facility at Anvil Points, near Rifle, Colorado, was reactivated starting in May 1964 and was operated during 1965, 1966, and 1967. A research and development program was conducted to investigate the technical feasibility of room-and-pillar mining with explosives, crushing and Gas-Combustion Retorting techniques for oil shale. Mobil Oil Corporation acted as Project Manager for the cooperative industry group at Rifle which included Continental Oil Company, Humble Oil and Refining Company, Pan American Petroleum Corporation, Phillips Petroleum Company, and Sinclair Research, Inc. as Participating Parties. The runs recorded from the Gas Combustion No. 3 Retort are part of the Technical Memorandum reported to the Technical Advisory Committee. The primary object of the Anvil Points Oil Shale Research Center Technical memorandum is to advise authorized personnel employed by the Participating Parties that various activities are in progress or that certain significant data have been obtained within the Research Center. Costs of the Rifle operation were shared equally by the six participants. Each Participating Party was represented by personnel on the technical staff. The Colorado School of Mines Research Foundation, Inc. acted as lessor-of-record and supplied nontechnical personnel for administrative and logistic support.