Abstract Taking as its starting point María Cristina Redondo's book Positivismo jurídico .interno", this article proposes an alternative conception of normativist legal positivism. The article argues that legal theory can be neutral to the extent that it is intersubjective and transparent regarding its own metaphysical premises. On the one hand, thus, the article aims to shed light on the role of metaphysics and common sense in the construction of the concept of law. On the other hand, it seeks to make more transparent the ethical-political choices that constitute legal discourses, including theoretical ones. To pursue these goals the article first analyzes Redondo's theses on the ontology / epistemology distinction and the possibility of objective knowledge, and advances the idea that inter-subjectivity, and not objectivity, should be the appropriate criterion for normativist legal positivism. Second, the article examines the role of normativity in normativist legal positivism, focusing on the metaphysical nature of the thesis that law belongs to the fields of normativity and practical reason. The following sections then discuss reductionist and anti-reductionist conceptions of legal "entities" (norms, normative statements, propositions, and beliefs) and the theory of legal sources. The final section addresses the question of the axiological neutrality of legal theory and discusses the possibility of describing participants' internal point of view without committing to existing legal practice(s).
Este estudio esta dedicado al tema que trata sobre "los hechos juridicos". Dicha cuestion integra un sector de la denominada "parte general del derecho privado". La mayoria de los codigos civiles del siglo XX y XXI que contienen esa parte general dedican varios de sus articulos a reglar sobre dicha materia y establecer, de este modo, su naturaleza, requisitos y efectos.Ejemplo de todo ello son los codigos de Alemania (BGB), Brasil, Mexico Suiza y otros mas. El nuevo Codigo Civil y Comercial que rige en la Argentina desde el 1 de agosto de 2015 trata ese tema en el Libro I, Titulo V, Capitulo I, articulos 257 a 264.Los hechos son acontecimientos exteriores de la realidad social que tienen como efecto producir alteracion o modificacion en el medio que los rodea. Aqui, su analisis y estudio se apoyan solamente sobre aquellos sucesos o hechos que poseen contenido de orden juridico y de alli interesan al derecho. Todo ello exige la necesidad de una toma de posicion a fin de poder explicar cuando y por que un acontecimiento (humano o natural) posee dicha virtualidad, es decir, ser un "hecho juridico". Para dar respuesta a ese interrogante existen dos teorias opuestas y algunas otras opiniones de menor importancia. En el presente, se ha tratado de definir y aclarar los contornos de ambas tesis. Una primera idea sostiene que el hecho juridico es aquel que posee por si mismo el caracter y la potencialidad para lograr el objetivo, es decir, el efecto legal. Ello lleva a calificarlo como elemento causal suficiente de conexion logica que le permite lograr el efecto legal, siendo por ello una cualidad del propio objeto. Esta tesis se denomina: "tradicional" o "causalista". La segunda teoria, la cual es seguida por la mayoria de los juristas italianos y tiene mucha y buena difusion en la doctrina moderna, entiende que los hechos juridicos por si mismos no poseen ninguna virtud especial, sino que su caracter de legales o juridicos se da en razon de su inclusion como presupuesto en la ley. Todo lo cual los juristas italianos han denominado fattispecie, o fenomeno tambien conocido como "presupuesto factico normativo".Cuando una norma o ley entiende que para que se produzca su consecuencia de derecho es necesario el cumplimiento de uno o mas hechos, dichos sucesos pasan a tener la categoria de juridicos. Por ejemplo, el nacimiento o la muerte de las personas resultan hechos naturales, pero en la mayoria de las legislaciones a lo primero le dan el efecto de tener capacidad de derecho para adquirir; y a lo segundo, que van a transmitir el patrimonio a sus herederos. Tambien se han considerado otros aspectos, especialmente las clasificaciones de los hechos juridicos, siendo la mas importante la que lleva diferenciar a los hechos naturales de los hechos humanos. Estos ultimos distinguidos por la intervencion del hombre, en sentido general, que ante la manifestacion de voluntad puede llegar a concretar lo que simplemente se denominan "actos juridicos" o "negocios juridicos". ; This study is about "legal acts", which is a division of "the general aspects of private law. Most of the Civil Codes in the 20th and 21st centuries which include these general aspects, dedicate several of their articles to rule on said matter and determine in this way their nature, requirements and effects . An example of all this are the Civil Codes in Germany (BGB), Brazil, Mexico, Switzerland among other countries. The new Civil and Commercial Code in force in Argentina since August 1st, 2015 deals with this matter in Book I, Title V, Chapter I (articles 257 to 264). Acts are external events within the social reality which have the power to alter or modify the surrounding environment. In this context, their analysis and study only apply to those actions or facts of a juridical nature and are therefore of interest to the law. All this makes it necessary to take a stand in order to explain when and why an event either natural o human is to be considered a "legal act". To give an answer to this question, there are two opposed theories on the subject and some other irrelevant opinions. In this present, it has been intended to define and clarify the main points of both theories. One idea sustains that a legal act is the one which has in itself the character and the ability to achieve a goal, that is, the legal effect. This leads to defining it as the causal event of logical connection making it possible to get said legal effect then becoming a quality of the object itself. This theory is called "traditional" or "causative". The second theory, supported by most of the Italian lawmakers and well spread in the modern doctrine considers that the legal acts themselves do not have a particular virtue but that their legal or juridical character is given by the fact that they are presupposed to have fulfilled all statutory requirements. All this has been called fattispecie or "regulating factual presuppositions" by the Italian lawmakers. When a rule or law understands that to have a legal consequence it is necessary to do one or more acts, said acts become legal acts. For example , the birth or the death of a person is a "natural" act, but in most legislations the person who is born has the right to acquire, and the deceased to transfer their estate to their heirs. Other aspects have also been considered, in particular the classification of the legal acts, and the most important is the one which distinguishes natural acts from human acts which are those where a human being takes part and with the expression of their will can do what are simply called "legal acts" or "legal transactions". ; Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales
The article analyzes the main aspects of the temporal effect of subordinate legal acts. The effect of a legal act over time is its ability to produce legal consequences within certain time limits. It provides: the moment of entry into force of the normative legal act, the directions of its validity in time, the grounds for the temporary suspension and final loss of validity of the normative legal act. The moment of entry into force is related to the promulgation of the subordinate legal act in the official printed editions. The content of the subordinate legal act can also be made known to the public by posting them on the official websites of public authorities. Both general rules and other ways of entry into force of various types of subordinate legal acts (the Presidential Decrees, decrees of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine, orders of ministries, orders of heads of local state administrations, decisions of local councils) have been determined. It is emphasized that in Ukraine there is no single normative act that would establish a unified procedure of entry into force of subordinate legal acts. The existing normative framework is contradictory and leads to different understanding and application of the rules for the enactment of regulatory acts by different entities of the subordinate legislation. The directions of the temporal effect of the subordinate legal acts are described. Most acts are designed for direct (prospective) action. Certain provisions of an old regulation may have a lasting (ultraactive) effect. The exceptional circumstances when subordinate legal acts have retroactive effect in time are named. The reasons for suspension and termination of normative legal acts in time (direct cancellation, expiration of the validity, adoption of a new normative act on the same issue, recognition of normative legal acts as unconstitutional or unlawful by the courts) are revealed. ; У статті проаналізовано основні аспекти темпоральної дії підзаконних нормативно-правових актів. Дія нормативно-правового акта в часі – це його здатність створювати юридичні наслідки в певних часових межах. Вона передбачає розгляд моменту набрання чинності нормативно-правовим актом, напрямів його дії в часі, підстав для тимчасового зупинення й остаточної втрати чинності нормативно-правовим актом. Момент набрання чинності пов'язується з оприлюдненням підзаконного нормативно-правового акта в офіційних друкованих виданнях. Доведення до відома населення змісту підзаконних нормативно-правових актів може здійснюватися й шляхом їх розміщення на офіційних веб-сайтах органів публічної влади. Визначено як загальні правила, так й інші способи набрання чинності різними видами підзаконних нормативно-правових актів (нормативними указами Президента України, постановами Кабінету Міністрів України, наказами міністерств, розпорядженнями голів місцевих державних адміністрацій, рішеннями місцевих рад). Підкреслено, що в Україні немає єдиного нормативного акта, який би закріплював уніфіковану процедуру набрання чинності підзаконними нормативно-правовими актами. Чинна нормативна база є суперечливою й призводить до неоднакового розуміння й застосування правил уведення в дію нормативно-правових актів різними суб'єктами підзаконної нормотворчості. Охарактеризовано напрями темпоральної дії підзаконних нормативно-правових актів. Більшість актів розраховано на пряму (перспективну) дію. Окремі положення старого нормативного акта можуть мати переживаючу (ультраактивну) дію. Названо виняткові обставини надання актам зворотної дії в часі. Розкрито підстави зупинення та припинення дії нормативно-правових актів у часі (пряме скасування, сплив терміну дії, прийняття нового нормативного акта з того самого питання, визнання судами нормативно-правових актів неконституційними або неправомірними).
In order to be perceived as legitimate by those subject to it, a system of legal norms should be free of contradictions. The very idea of justice is incompatible with an erratic interpretation and, subsequently, arbitrary application of norms. Systemic contradictions make actions by state authorities unpredictable. However, at the domestic as well as at the international level, considerations of power and interest have often made of the respective body of norms a "hermeneutical minefield." The international legal order in particular contains contradictions even between the most basic principles such as state sovereignty, self-determination and the rules of international humanitarian law. While, at the national level, the authority of constitutional courts may help to eliminate contradictions and inconsistencies, there exists, apart from limited regional arrangements, no such separation of powers at the international level. The lecture analyzes, inter alia, the systemic, destabilizing impact of normative contradictions in exemplary cases related to the interpretation of the United Nations Charter and draws conclusions in terms of the philosophy of law.
The application of law and norms in military operations is complex. This article provides an overview of legal and normative aspects in un peace operations. It will focus on key challenges to un peace operations. First, it will review un peacekeeping from the perspective of international law. After providing an overview of the legal framework of un peacekeeping and the application of human rights law, international humanitarian law, and international criminal law, the article turns to issues related to the accountability and immunity of un peacekeepers. The final section addresses normative concepts including the responsibility to protect, the protection of civilians, human security and their relevance in regard to un peacekeeping.
In: Ruch prawniczy, ekonomiczny i socjologiczny: organ Uniwersytetu im. Adama Mickiewicza i Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego w Poznaniu, Band 85, Heft 2, S. 73-88
The concept of conventional acts is one of the foremost achievements of the Poznań School of Legal Theory. The aim of this paper is to resolve doubts concerning the relationships between constitutive rules and norms of conduct, whereby the norms bear on conventional acts in a twofold manner. On the one hand, they may regulate the performance of such acts and, on the other, attach normative consequences to a performed act, as a result of which the normative situation of certain entities changes. Focusing on the latter aspect, it was necessary to compile a catalogue of possible normative consequences and to decide whether such consequences are prerequisite if an act is to be qualified as conventional. The analysis warrants the conclusion that the existence of a conventional act does not depend on whether it entails normative consequences. The correlation between a conventional act and its normative consequences is not necessary, but merely functional, although its strength may vary. Also, it is likely that the confusion in this regard stems from the failure to distinguish between two types of effects which the acts in question produce, assuming that certain effects do in fact ensue. Specifically, one has to distinguish between an effect understood as the outcome of a conventional act and an effect understood as its normative consequence. It is presumed here that the effect of a conventional act is distinguished by a relevant constitutive rule, while any normative consequences following its performance should be approached only as a corollary of competence norms. Assuming that the relationship between constitutive rules and norms of conduct is functional enables the rules to be recognized as independent with respect to the norms. Furthermore, it also implies the need for two concepts of competence to be distinguished, namely conventional competence and normative competence.
Since 2001, 'quality of employment' has been at the core of the political, academic and practical agenda, and has fed a wide-ranging debate. For the first time, a scientific work takes stock of the legal and normative understanding of quality of employment in Europe. In order to develop an interdisciplinary dialogue, the book underlines the importance of law in the debate on quality of employment and suggests how European concepts and tools might be adapted to enrich scientific reflection by employing a rigorous legal approach. To this end, the authors analyse the relevance of the concept of quality of employment in international, European and comparative law, examining a range of topics such as collective and labour rights, social security, non-discrimination and equality at work. Lastly, the authors examine the topic from the 'Capabilities' perspective, proposing concrete and realistic paths for maintaining the European concept of quality of employment and European social Law in the framework of the ILO Decent Work Agenda.
Since 2001, 'quality of employment' has been at the core of the political, academic and practical agenda, and has fed a wide-ranging debate. For the first time, a scientific work takes stock of the legal and normative understanding of quality of employment in Europe. In order to develop an interdisciplinary dialogue, the book underlines the importance of law in the debate on quality of employment and suggests how European concepts and tools might be adapted to enrich scientific reflection by employing a rigorous legal approach. To this end, the authors analyse the relevance of the concept of quality of employment in international, European and comparative law, examining a range of topics such as collective and labour rights, social security, non-discrimination and equality at work. Lastly, the authors examine the topic from the 'Capabilities' perspective, proposing concrete and realistic paths for maintaining the European concept of quality of employment and European social Law in the framework of the ILO Decent Work Agenda.
