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Natural resource conflicts in Mali in the last decade represent an important case to visualise the interconnection between land and climate issues. The country has received significant international attention in recent years both due to the announcement of large-scale land deals and due to its perceived vulnerability to climate stress. At the same time, Malian peasant movements have formed important networks of resistance and have been leading the pilot implementation of village land commissions to recognise and manage community resources, based on a new Agricultural Land Law. This paper explores emerging trends in natural resource politics through the lens of interactions between land and climate policies and discourses. We analyse the growing use of the frame of 'climate security' to associate climate change, conflict and migration in relation to countries such as Mali, by looking into the possibilities that this frame could shift focus and blame towards conflicts between marginalised groups and further close space for bottom-up participation. As an alternative, we explore the relevance of a platform of agrarian climate justice and the possibilities and challenges of enacting some of its principles through the implementation of the village land commissions.

This article explores the dynamics of natural resource conflicts and local government in the Peruvian Andes. Recent publications have found that efficiency and democratic accountability in local government are key variables for mitigating conflict. By focusing on the ethnographies of two conflicts and as participant observers within local government, we argue that by re‐framing the analytical focus within local histories and current practices of natural resource conflicts, we can better make sense of the dynamics of current land politics. The article presents a sequential framework that explores key moments of the relations between the state and peasant communities during natural resource conflicts. Through this framework, we argue that natural resource conflicts are negotiated in a sphere of politics that transcends the state's institutional and legal limits.

tThis article examines two successive conflicts over the same forest in Kenya, which, when analysedseparately, have led to interpretations that do not hold when the conflicts are studied in relation toeach other. Inspired by political ecology, it employs a processual view of natural resource conflict, whichrecognizes that such conflicts may be 'layered' and composed of various struggles − or layers − at once,and that some of these struggles may not be discernible at first sight or when resource conflicts arestudied in isolation. The conflicts presented in this article occurred between 1993 and 2005 and revolvedaround the Naimina Enkiyio Forest in south Kenya. They were initially triggered when a local authority,Narok County Council, and later the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN), intendedto implement plans and projects that would affect the way the forest was being used by the Loita Maasai.Rather than viewing the conflicts as being between a local community and powerful outsiders, I argue thatthey are best seen as different crystallizations of coalitions between local and outside actors running alonga longstanding cleavage in the Loita's leadership. This article examines how opposing Loita leadershipgroups forged outside alliances and mobilized support and resistance in Loita and elsewhere. In doing so,it will demonstrate that a particular layer was overlooked or minimized in the various interpretationsthat have been posited for the separate conflicts, namely a longstanding struggle within the leadershipof the Loita Maasai. In fact, this struggle has proved to be crucial for providing a valid and consistentexplanation that holds for the two conflicts when they are considered together.

tThis article examines two successive conflicts over the same forest in Kenya, which, when analysedseparately, have led to interpretations that do not hold when the conflicts are studied in relation toeach other. Inspired by political ecology, it employs a processual view of natural resource conflict, whichrecognizes that such conflicts may be 'layered' and composed of various struggles − or layers − at once,and that some of these struggles may not be discernible at first sight or when resource conflicts arestudied in isolation. The conflicts presented in this article occurred between 1993 and 2005 and revolvedaround the Naimina Enkiyio Forest in south Kenya. They were initially triggered when a local authority,Narok County Council, and later the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN), intendedto implement plans and projects that would affect the way the forest was being used by the Loita Maasai.Rather than viewing the conflicts as being between a local community and powerful outsiders, I argue thatthey are best seen as different crystallizations of coalitions between local and outside actors running alonga longstanding cleavage in the Loita's leadership. This article examines how opposing Loita leadershipgroups forged outside alliances and mobilized support and resistance in Loita and elsewhere. In doing so,it will demonstrate that a particular layer was overlooked or minimized in the various interpretationsthat have been posited for the separate conflicts, namely a longstanding struggle within the leadershipof the Loita Maasai. In fact, this struggle has proved to be crucial for providing a valid and consistentexplanation that holds for the two conflicts when they are considered together.

Anshuman Behera and Hippu Salk Kristle Nathan, Negotiating Development at the Margins: Natural Resources, Conflicts, and People's Movements in Odisha. Routledge, 2023. 148 pp., ₹1,295. ISBN: 9781032425245 (Hardback).

Tukumbi Lumumba-Kasongo (Ed.) (2016), Land Rreforms and Natural Resource Conflicts in Africa: New Development Paradigms in the Era of Global Liberalization, London: Routledge, Hardback, ISBN 978-138-88882-1, pp. 232, £90.00.

Ukaga, O., Ukiwo, U.O. and Ibaba, I.S., editors, 2012: Natural Resources, Conflict, and Sustainable Development: Lessons from the Niger Delta. New York/Oxford: Routledge. 174 pp. £85.00 hardback, £30.90 paperback, £28.50 e-book. ISBN: 10: 0415806917 (hardback). ISBN: 041575450X (paperback).