Suchergebnisse

[EN] In this work the suitability of the criterion of maximum effective amplitude of the normal stress (Delta sigma(n,eff))(max) and the criterion of minimum shear stress range (Delta tau)(min) for 2D cylindrical plain fretting contact condition has been analysed. The numerical analysis has been performed by means of the extended finite element method, which takes into account the contact between crack faces during the closing part, and the results have been compared with experiments reported in the literature. Results show that overall the (Delta tau)(min) criterion predominates in intermediate stage, while the (Delta sigma(n,eff))(max) shows less deviation in the final stage. However, the predicted crack path by the latter criterion shifts toward the outer side, which do not correlate with the experimental results reported in the literature. Additional studies should investigate the variables that are affecting this change in the behaviour along the crack in order to set a criteria that is able to predict the plain fretting condition crack paths accurately. ; This work was financially supported by the the Basque Government under the "Proyectos de Investigacion Basica y/o Aplicada" (Project NUSIMCO: Ref. PI2013-23), the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (grant number DPI2017-89197-C22-R) and the Generalitat Valenciana (Programme PROMETEO 2016/007). Furthermore, the authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support given by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness and the FEDER program through the project DPI2014-56137-C2-2-R and the FPI subprogram associated to the project with the reference BES-2015-072070. ; Llavori, I.; Giner Maravilla, E.; Zabala, A.; Infante, D.; Aginagalde, A.; Rodríguez-Flórez, N.; Gómez, X. (2019). Critical analysis of the suitability of crack propagation direction criteria for 2D cylindrical plain fretting contact. Engineering Fracture Mechanics. 214:534-543. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2019.04.035 ; S ; 534 ; 543 ; 214

In-house control and the documentation of it is the basis for the assurance of compliance with legislation, in the food area and in the area of food contact materials (FCM). Safe use of FCM is a complicated area, in general, and specifically the use of printing inks and the critical points in the printing process. One of the goals for this check list is to contribute to the development of more uniform control and requirements for in-house control. Printing inks used in FCM are regulated by these general requirements and some uses are addressed more specifically , and as there is no specific legislation in the area in EU yet. In-house documentation is based on the assumption, that each link in the supply chain ensures compliance. The check lists set a frame with minimum requirements to all relevant links in the supply chain from producers to food industry and trade. The check lists are guidance to industry and trade in order to ensure compliance with the requirements in the FCM.

This Article accepts the challenge to unify personal jurisdiction theory by proposing an approach that accommodates both the contacts-based and noncontacts-based tests under uniform jurisdictional standards. The analysis builds on the major assumption,elaborated in part II, that the Supreme Court's decision in Insurance Corp. of Ireland v. Compagnie des Bauxites de Guinee removed the principal barrier to a unified theory by ousting governmental interests from their long held place in personal jurisdiction decisions. The principal thesis is that International Shoe has made two general, lasting contributions to jurisdictional theory.First, International Shoe recognized, although less clearly than Ireland, that the goal of due process in personal jurisdiction is to assure a forum that is fair to the parties, including the plaintiff, rather than one that furthers forum state interests or vague notions of state sovereignty. Second, International Shoe implicitly identified two comprehensive standards or criteria--described here as "expectation" and "benefit"-for measuring a forum's fairness to the parties. These broad criteria should replace the opinion's familiar minimum contacts tests as the real "standards" of International Shoe that Shaffer prescribed for universal application. Under this analysis the particularized contacts tests are simply useful, nonexhaustive surrogates for the "expectation" or "benefit" yardsticks that should be the ultimate measures of fairness to the parties. Part II surveys the current contacts-based and noncontacts-based tests of jurisdiction and describes how those tests serve the two general fairness standards. The "expectation" standard inquires retrospectively whether a reasonable person in the defendant's position should be surprised by having to defend a particular claim in the plaintiff's chosen forum. The "benefit" standard asks whether, apart from the defendant's expectations, the benefit he has derived from his forum-related activities justifies requiring him to defend in the ...

ABSTRACT. The ecological diversity of benthic invertebrates from bottom trawl surveys was mapped for the Flemish Cap, a plateau of ~200 km radius in the northwest Atlantic. Species density (SpD), the exponential Shannon diversity index (eH′) and Heip's index of evenness (E~') were measured at different spatial scales. Continuous surfaces of each were created to 2000 m depth using predictive distribution models based on random forest (RF) algorithms. When fishing effort was included as an independent variable in the RF models, it was the most important predictor of sample SpD but unimportant in predicting eH′ and only a minor predictor of E~'. In the absence of a historical baseline, we used a novel approach to evaluate spatial impacts of fishing on diversity by simulating and comparing spatial SpD prediction surfaces using response data associated with different levels of fishing effort. Although it is not possible to fully evaluate the precise nature of the impact of fishing on the ecological diversity, our models have identified Sackville Spur, Flemish Pass and south of Flemish Cap as the areas of greatest impact. Combining minimum bottom salinity, annual primary production range, fishing effort and biomass of sponges and small gorgonian corals, resulted in the best performing generalized additive model, explaining 73% of the total variance in SpD. Although current closures to protect vulnerable marine ecosystems from the adverse impacts of bottom fishing activities protect an important part of the ecological diversity associated with the deeper communities, unique and representative habitats on top of the Cap remain unprotected. HIGHLIGHTS • The structure-forming sponges and small gorgonian corals enhance biodiversity. • Chronic impact from fishing activities have negatively impacted benthic diversity. • Over 60% of the estimated number of benthic species of the Flemish Cap is under protection. • Biodiversity from shallow waters remains unprotected. ; ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. This research was funded by Fisheries ...

318State immunity — Jurisdictional immunity — Agency or instrumentality of foreign State — Whether an entity created by treaty and jointly owned by sovereign States constitutes an agency or instrumentality of a foreign State — Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act 1976 — European Organization for the Safety of Air Navigation ("Eurocontrol") — Proceedings by owner for recovery of aircraft seized by Eurocontrol because of failure of operator to pay air navigation service fees — Subject-matter jurisdiction — Whether imposition of charges and seizure of aircraft constitute commercial activities — Whether having direct effect in United States — Personal jurisdiction — Whether constitutional "minimum contacts" requirement applies in respect of foreign sovereign defendants — Whether orders of United States Bankruptcy Court and automatic stay under Chapter 11 of the United States Bankruptcy Code binding upon foreign sovereign entity — The law of the United States

BACKGROUND: Skin diseases constitute up to 40% of all notified occupational diseases in most European countries, predominantly comprising contact dermatitis, contact urticaria, and skin cancer. While insufficient prevention of work-related skin diseases (WRSD) is a top-priority problem in Europe, common standards for prevention of these conditions are lacking. OBJECTIVE: To develop common European standards on prevention and management of WRSD and occupational skin diseases (OSD). METHOD: Consensus amongst experts within occupational dermatology was achieved with regard to the definition of minimum evidence-based standards on prevention and management of WRSD/OSD. RESULTS: By definition, WRSDs/OSDs are (partially or fully) caused by occupational exposure. The definition of OSD sensu stricto additionally includes diverging national legal requirements, with an impact on registration, prevention, management, and compensation. With the implementation of the classification of WRSD/OSD in the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) 11th Revision in future, a valid surveillance and comparability across countries will be possible. Currently, WRDS and OSD are still under-reported. Depending on legislation and regulations, huge differences exist in notification procedures in Europe, although notification is crucial to prevent chronic and relapsing disease. Facilities for early diagnosis, essential for individual patient management, should be based on existing guidelines and include a multidisciplinary approach. Patch testing is essential if contact dermatitis persists or relapses. Workplace exposure assessment of WRSD/OSD requires full labelling of product ingredients on material safety data sheets helping to identify allergens, irritants and skin carcinogens. Comparable standards in primary, secondary and tertiary prevention must be established in Europe to reduce the burden of WRSD/OSD in Europe. CONCLUSION: The adoption of common European standards on prevention of WRSD/OSD will contribute to reduce the incidence of OSD and their socio-economic burden.

Contaminated soil at depth can pose a threat to public health upon excavation. Following the excavation of contaminated soils, toxicants which once resided at depth become available for exposure due to direct contact. A scenario is developed that describes the excavation and redistribution of soil to the surface. Based on typical excavations occurring in a residential setting in California, soil to a depth of 10 feet is considered available for future exposure due to direct contact. The capabilities of various earthmoving equipment were employed to establish that the average toxicant level in 12 cubic yards of soil is the appropriate measure for evaluating contaminated soil at depth. This allows the evaluation of future risk to public health due to direct contact exposures following the excavation of contaminated soils at depth.SUMMARYDirect contact exposures can result if soil contamination initially at depth is excavated and distributed to the soil surface. The evaluation of future exposure to soil at depth due to direct contact should be a component of many hazardous waste site investigations.A scenario that accounts for the excavation and redistribution of soil at depth has been established. The manner in which soil would be handled by earthmoving equipment typically employed for residential construction activities, established 12 yd3 of soil as a reasonable and appropriately conservative minimum amount of soil to be placed uniformly over a 1000 ft2 area. In California, 10 ft is the maximum depth to which soil on a residential property is likely to be excavated.In the absence of overriding site‐specific considerations, the appropriate sampling objective for evaluating future direct contact exposures to soil contamination initially at depth is to determine average levels of toxicants in subsurface soils within 10 ft of the existing ground surface. Results of such sampling are amenable to interpretation as described in the California Site Mitigation Decision Tree(1) to determine if contamination initially at depth could present a future risk to public health.

Background: During the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, contact tracing mobile applications have received a lot of public attention. The ongoing debate highlights the challenges with the adoption of data-driven innovation: how to ensure an appropriate level of protection of individual data and maximize public health benefits derivable from the collected data. Objective: The aim of the study was to analyse available COVID-19 contact tracing applications and verify to what extent public health interests and data privacy standards can be fulfilled simultaneously in the process of the adoption of digital health technologies. Methods: A systematic review of Pubmed, Medbase, and grey literature was performed to identify available contact tracing applications. Two checklists were developed to evaluate (1) the compliance with the data privacy standards (2) fulfillment of public health interests. Based on both checklists, a scorecard with a selected set of minimum requirements was established as well. It was to estimate whether the balance between the objective of data privacy and public health interests can be achieved to ensure the broad adaptation of digital technologies. Results: Overall, 21 contact tracing applications were reviewed. In total, 11 criteria were defined to assess the usefulness of each digital technology for public health interests. The most frequently installed features related to the contact alerting and governmental accountability. The least frequent was the availability of the system of medical or organizational support. Only one app provided the threshold for the population coverage needed for the digital solution to be effective. In total, 12 criteria were used to assess the compliance of contact tracing application with data privacy regulations. The explicit user consent, voluntary basis, and the adoption of anonymization techniques were among most frequently fulffiled criteria. The information regarding the personal data breach and data gathered from children was mostly lacking. The balance ...

The article is devoted to the topical issue as a social network and the impact on the psychology of the team. Viewing psychological safety as a common belief about the social context, people need protection from management and vice versa. It can be expect that the structure of the social network of communication have a strong influence on the psychological safety of the team. On the other hand, according to the theory of social contagion, people tend to adopt the attitudes or behaviours of other people in the social network with whom they communicate. Communication in a social network is the minimum contact for social infection. People expect that any positive and negative information can affect the psychological state of the team. Therefore, security is needed within the team, especially when reporting situations of personal risk.

[EN] An extra-heavy crude oil was treated at a short contact time in the 510-580 degrees C temperature range in a FCC-like process, first thermally and then in the presence of a solid with low catalytic activity. The treatment greatly improved the properties of the crude oil, reducing the density and viscosity to values that make the oil transportable without dilution in a pipeline. In addition, the upgraded oil was substantially free of contaminants such as metals and heptane insolubles. The use of the solid allowed upgrading all properties with a minimum coke penalty. The residual fraction of the upgraded oil had to be eliminated to obtain a syncrude stable in asphaltene proof, which could be obtained by recycling to extinction in a cracking reactor. ; The authors thank ECOPETROL SA for material and financial support as well as permitting publishing this manuscript. Financial support by the Spanish Government-MINECO through the program "Severo Ochoa" (SEV 2016-0683), CTQ2015-70126-R (MINECO/FEDER), and by the Generalitat Valenciana through the Prometeo program (PROMETEOII/2013/011) is also acknowledged. ; Corma Canós, A.; Sauvanaud, LL.; Mathieu, Y.; Almanza Rubiano, L.; González Sánchez, C.; Chanaga Quiroz, T. (2018). Alternative to visbreaking or delayed coking of heavy crude oil through a short contact time, solid transported bed cracking process. Catalysis Science & Technology. 8(2):540-550. https://doi.org/10.1039/c7cy01281k ; S ; 540 ; 550 ; 8 ; 2

Plaintiffs, two Panamanian corporations and a Swiss bank, brought an action against the Republic of Argentina and Banco Central de la República Argentina (Banco Central) for breach of obligations arising out of the issuance of certain bonds. The defendants moved to dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction and lack of personal jurisdiction under the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act of 1976 (28 U.S.C. §§1602-1611 (1988)) (FSIA). In the alternative, defendants moved for dismissal under the doctrine of forum non conveniens. The district court denied the motions and held that: (1) the acts of the defendants in issuing, and breaching the payment obligations under, certain bonds were commercial, and the failure to pay on those bonds, which contemplated payment in New York, constituted a direct effect in the United States even though the plaintiffs were non-U.S. entities; (2) the aggregate of the defendants' contacts with the United States, together with the promise to pay the plaintiffs in New York, satisfied the minimum contacts requirement under the due process clause; and (3) the defendants had not made a sufficient showing to justify a dismissal of the case on the grounds of forum non conveniens.

La regulación de la competencia judicial internacional en relación con la adopción internacional se contiene en los arts. 14 y 15 de la Ley 54/2007 de 28 de diciembre de adopción internacional. Se trata de un abanico de soluciones extraordinariamente creativas. Para la constitución de la adopción se acogen diversos foros: la residencia habitual del adoptando en España, la nacionalidad española del adoptando, la residencia habitual del adoptante en España y la nacionalidad española del adoptante. Estos foros pueden ser reducidos teleológicamente mediante un desarrollo judicial, de modo que se garantice que los tribunales españoles sólo son competentes para constituir adopciones en los casos verdaderamente vinculados con España mediante «conexiones sustanciales» (Minimum Contact Test). Por otro lado, el legislador ha acogido también diversos foros para la modificación, revisión, nulidad y conversión de la adopción simple en adopción plena. Igualmente, se mantiene la posibilidad de que los cónsules españoles acreditados en el extranjero puedan constituir adopciones internacionales.<br />

BACKGROUND: There has been insufficient research attention to alcohol industry methods of influencing public policies. With the exception of the tobacco industry, there have been few studies of the impact of corporate lobbying on public health policymaking more broadly. METHODS: We summarize here findings from documentary analyses and interview studies in an integrative review of corporate efforts to influence UK policy on minimum unit pricing (MUP) of alcohol 2007-10. RESULTS: Alcohol producers and retailers adopted a long-term, relationship-building approach to policy influence, in which personal contacts with key policymakers were established and nurtured, including when they were not in government. The alcohol industry was successful in achieving access to UK policymakers at the highest levels of government and at all stages of the policy process. Within the United Kingdom, political devolution and the formation for the first time of a Scottish National Party (SNP) government disrupted the existing long-term strategy of alcohol industry actors and created the conditions for evidence-based policy innovations such as MUP. CONCLUSIONS: Comparisons between policy communities within the United Kingdom and elsewhere are useful to the understanding of how different policy environments are amenable to influence through lobbying. Greater transparency in how policy is made is likely to lead to more effective alcohol and other public policies globally by constraining the influence of vested interests.

BACKGROUND: There has been insufficient research attention to alcohol industry methods of influencing public policies. With the exception of the tobacco industry, there have been few studies of the impact of corporate lobbying on public health policymaking more broadly. METHODS: We summarize here findings from documentary analyses and interview studies in an integrative review of corporate efforts to influence UK policy on minimum unit pricing (MUP) of alcohol 2007-10. RESULTS: Alcohol producers and retailers adopted a long-term, relationship-building approach to policy influence, in which personal contacts with key policymakers were established and nurtured, including when they were not in government. The alcohol industry was successful in achieving access to UK policymakers at the highest levels of government and at all stages of the policy process. Within the United Kingdom, political devolution and the formation for the first time of a Scottish National Party (SNP) government disrupted the existing long-term strategy of alcohol industry actors and created the conditions for evidence-based policy innovations such as MUP. CONCLUSIONS: Comparisons between policy communities within the United Kingdom and elsewhere are useful to the understanding of how different policy environments are amenable to influence through lobbying. Greater transparency in how policy is made is likely to lead to more effective alcohol and other public policies globally by constraining the influence of vested interests.