Suchergebnisse

In order to study the difficulties experienced during sentence comprehension in a foreign language (L2), we investigated semantic and world knowledge information retrieval in L2 comprehenders. Event-related potentials (ERP) were collected in late learners of English whose native language is Spanish, performing a sentence reading task in English. We investigated the mean amplitude of the P2 and N400 ERP components elicited by the critical word of sentences in three conditions: (1) correct,, (2) semantic violation, and (3) world knowledge violation (semantically acceptable but factually untrue). In the N400 window, ERP modulations elicited by semantic and world knowledge violations had similar amplitudes, as previously observed in L1 comprehenders. However, semantic violations failed to modulate P2 mean amplitude as it did in native speakers. These results suggest that, whilst L2 and L1 readers similarly integrate world knowledge and semantic information, L2 readers lack fast semantic access at around 200 ms after the onset of a critical word. ; This research was funded by grants from the Spanish Government (PSI2011-23033 and Consolider Ingenio 2010 CSD2007-00048), from the Catalan Government (SGR 2009-1521) and from the European Research Council under the European Community's Seventh Framework (FP7/2007-2013 Cooperation grant agreement 613465-AThEME). CM was supported by the Basque Foundation for Science (IKERBASQUE) and the BCBL institution.

A minority language in the globalizing world: The Buryat language on the InternetThe situation of languages on the Internet seems to reproduce their situation in offline reality: dominant languages with a large number of users and support from state and society are more widespread. This does not mean, however, that minority languages are not present in the Internet. In this paper, using the example of the Buryat language, we are trying to show that websites or webpages in minority languages are created not only for instrumental but also autotelic reasons. Buryats make efforts to preserve their own language and culture; they are driven by a desire to emphasize their activity or by comparison with other nations which have websites in their own languages. An important issue in our discussion is the relationship between efforts aimed at the preservation and development of ethnic language in spoken and written form and the development of web content in that language. We thus show the relationship between "on-line" and "off-line" problems faced by Buryats today. Język mniejszości w globalizującym się świecie: język buriacki w InternecieSytuacja języków w Internecie zdaje się reprodukować ich sytuację w rzeczywistym świecie: języki dominujące, z dużą liczbą użytkowników, mogące liczyć na pomoc państw są bardziej rozprzestrzenione. Nie znaczy to jednak, że języki mniejszości nie są w Internecie obecne. W niniejszym opracowaniu, posługując się przykładem języka buriackiego, staramy się pokazać, że witryny czy też strony internetowe w językach mniejszościowych są tworzone nie tylko w celach instrumentalnych, ale także autotelicznych. Buriaci podejmują wysiłki, by chronić swój język i swoją kulturę, kierowani są chęcią podkreślenia swojej aktywności, porównaniami z innymi narodami, które mają witryny internetowe w swoich własnych językach. Ważną częścią naszej analizy są związki między wysiłkami mającymi na celu zachowanie i rozwój języka tnicznego w formie mówionej i pisanej a rozwojem treści internetowych w tym języku. Pokazujemy więc związki między problemami on-line i off-line, z jakimi borykają się współcześnie Buriaci.

Because of France's traditional use of culture and language as an instrument of foreign policy, it would be easy to dismiss any movement involving French as serving her national interests. Francophonie, whose purpose is to strengthen the French language and serve the interests of those who use it, depends on nongovernmental organizations and subunits of government in about 26 countries. Its leaders claim it serves the purposes of all French-speaking peoples and that it is transnational or outside the control of governments. In fact, however, some French elites do try to control directly and indirectly the formal organizations of Francophonie, and, thus, it may fail to become a transnational force in world politics. On the other hand, the work done by professionals and language specialists to strengthen French, to extend it to the masses and to build a closed circuit for the communication of vital information responds to needs for protection against so-called "Americanization" and for access to modernization. Therefore, despite its intangible nature, a new cultural force might emerge, and it then could affect the way states interact with each other.

Geography, Language and Mapping -- The Language of Maps -- Language Mapping and Documentation -- Language and Identity -- Language and Heritage -- Linguistic Minorities and Majorities -- Linguistic Varieties and Patterns of Language Use -- Multilingual and Multiethnic Societies -- Endangered and Disappearing Languages -- Indigenous Peoples' Languages -- Language and Gender -- Non-Human Languages -- Place Names and Toponyms -- Language of Political Organization, Boundaries and Borders -- Language Policy, Laws and Ethics -- Music, Art, Photography and Entertainment -- Religion -- Language of and Language in the Landscape -- Language, Environment and Ecology -- Teaching and Learning Languages -- Language and Technology -- Translation -- Language and Product Branding

Learn all about the words, acronyms, GIFs, memes, and emoji that make up the language of social media! Featuring TIME For Kids content, this high-interest title will keep grade 5 students engaged in reading as they build their critical literacy skills.

George Berkeley (1685-1753) was an Anglo-Irish bishop, considered among the great philosophers of early modern Europe. Pearce develops a new interpretation of Berkeley's philosophy which emphasizes the importance of Berkeley's revolutionary theory of language and shows that Berkeley has greater relevance to current philosophy than has been thought.

This book offers an introduction to the many facets of multilingualism in a changing world, bringing in approaches from linguistics, sociology, history, political philosophy, and psychology. It provides the basic tools to analyse different kinds of multilingualism, and suggests questions and problems for discussion at the end of each chapter.