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Economic aspects of prevention refer to the costs and benefits associated with measures aimed at preventing various problems and risks. Prevention can include measures aimed at preventing disease, crime, harmful behavior, environmental problems and other areas. There are several important economic aspects of prevention: cost reduction, productivity gains, social and human benefits and long-term sustainability. It is important to realize that prevention requires initial investments and often its economic impact is not immediately visible. However, a long-term evaluation of costs and benefits shows that prevention can be an economically beneficial strategy that brings a large number of socioeconomic benefits for the individual and society as a whole.

PurposeDespite an enormous body of literature on conflict management, intra-group conflicts vis-à-vis team performance, there is currently no study investigating the conflict prevention approach to handling innovation-induced conflicts that may hinder smooth implementation of big data technology in project teams.Design/methodology/approachThis study uses constructs from conflict theory, and team power relations to develop an explanatory framework. The study proceeded to formulate theoretical hypotheses from task-conflict, process-conflict, relationship and team power conflict. The hypotheses were tested using Partial Least Square Structural Equation Model (PLS-SEM) to understand key preventive measures that can encourage conflict prevention in project teams when implementing big data technology.FindingsResults from the structural model validated six out of seven theoretical hypotheses and identified Relationship Conflict Prevention as the most important factor for promoting smooth implementation of Big Data Analytics technology in project teams. This is followed by power-conflict prevention, prevention of task disputes and prevention of Process conflicts respectively. Results also show that relationship and power conflicts interact on the one hand, while task and relationship conflict prevention also interact on the other hand, thus, suggesting the prevention of one of the conflicts could minimise the outbreak of the other.Research limitations/implicationsThe study has been conducted within the context of big data adoption in a project-based work environment and the need to prevent innovation-induced conflicts in teams. Similarly, the research participants examined are stakeholders within UK projected-based organisations.Practical implicationsThe study urges organisations wishing to embrace big data innovation to evolve a multipronged approach for facilitating smooth implementation through prevention of conflicts among project frontlines. This study urges organisations to anticipate both subtle and overt frictions that can undermine relationships and team dynamics, effective task performance, derail processes and create unhealthy rivalry that undermines cooperation and collaboration in the team.Social implicationsThe study also addresses the uncertainty and disruption that big data technology presents to employees in teams and explore conflict prevention measure which can be used to mitigate such in project teams.Originality/valueThe study proposes a Structural Model for establishing conflict prevention strategies in project teams through a multidimensional framework that combines constructs like team power conflict, process, relationship and task conflicts; to encourage Big Data implementation.

An authoritative work that provides a detailed review of the current status of cancer prevention and control practice and research. It is an essential reference guide and tool for primary care physicians, the research community and students.

The results of dissertation research "Preventing and combating corruption in public procurement" are presented in this publication. The study was conducted 2011 till 2013 in a Member State of the European Union– in the Republic of Latvia. Goal of the thesis is to explore corruption prevention and combating issues in public procurement sphere, to identify the prevalence rates, determinants and contributing factors and prevention opportunities in Latvia. In the first chapter the author analyzes theoretical aspects of understanding corruption in public procurement, with particular emphasis on corruption definition problem, its nature, causes and consequences. A separate section is dedicated to the public procurement concept, mechanism and legal framework. In the first part of this work the author presents cognitive methodology of corruption in public procurement field, based on which the author has carried out an analysis of corruption situation in public procurement in Republic of Latvia. In the second chapter of the thesis, the author analyzes the problem of corruption in public procurement, including its historical aspects, typology and classification of corruption subjects involved, corruption risk elements in public procurement and their identification. During the development of the second chapter author's practical experience in public procurements was widely used. The third and fourth chapter deals with issues related to the prevention and combating corruption in public procurement, namely the operation of the concept, principles, methods and techniques, subjects in Republic of Latvia, as well as an analysis of foreign experience in preventing and combating corruption. The fifth chapter is devoted to the corruption prevention and combating perspectives and their assessment. In this chapter the author has made the evaluation of corruption prevention and combating measures efficiency in Republic of Latvia, assessment of anti-corruption legislation development stage in public procurement field in Latvia.

Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Contributors -- About the Editors -- Part I: Introduction to Substance Use -- 1: A Primer on Alcohol and Adolescent Brain Development: Implications for Prevention -- Introduction -- Adolescent Brain Development Is a New Area Research -- Adolescent Brain Basics -- Changes in the Frontal Lobes During Adolescence -- Changes in Other Parts of the Cortex -- Structures Involved in Emotional Reactivity and Risky Behaviors -- The Corpus Callosum and Sex Differences in Adolescent Brain Development -- Alcohol and Adolescent Brain Development -- Differences in Sensitivity to Alcohol Between Adolescents and Adults -- Age of Onset of Drinking -- Adolescent Neuroplasticity Facilitates the Learning of Both Adaptive and Maladaptive Habits -- Implications for Prevention -- Conclusions -- References -- 2: Epidemiology of Substance Use Internationally -- Introduction -- Data Collections and Caveats -- Prevalence of Substance Use -- Alcohol, Tobacco, and Illicit Drugs -- Injecting Drug Use -- New Psychoactive Substances -- Prevalence of Substance Dependence -- Substance-Related Health Burden -- Mortality -- Burden of Disease -- Risk Factors for Health Harms -- Conclusion -- References -- 3: An Integrative Perspective on the Etiology of Substance Use -- Introduction to the "Ecobiodevelopmental" Framework -- Person Level -- Genetic Susceptibilities and Personality Traits -- Behavioral and Mental Health -- Neurological Development -- Stress Exposures and Physiological Reactivity -- Microlevel Influences -- Parenting and Family Functioning -- Schools and Educational Opportunities -- Peer Influences -- Macro-Level Influences -- The Neighborhood and Physical Environment -- Income/Resources -- Public Policy/Government Influence -- An Integrative Perspective of the Etiology of Substance Use.

The United Nations functions in the main by persuasion rather than by coercion. The persuasive influence of its resolutions are powerful in proportion as they have the opinion of governments and peoples behind them, but the mobilization of such an opinion depends in no small degree upon the conviction of all the Members that resolutions are within the competence of United Nations organs. That competence is measured by the concept of domestic jurisdiction. The sentiment of nationalism is such that if many states believe a resolution directed toward a particular state constitutes an intervention in matters which are essentially within its domestic jurisdiction, the state addressed and other states may so resent the resolution that its effect, far from mobilizing world public opinion, will tend to disintegrate the United Nations.