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This report synthesizes the findings of 11 country reports on policy learning in labour market and social policies that were conducted as part of WP5 of the INSPIRES project, which is funded by the 7th Framework Program of the EU-Commission. Notably, this report puts forward objectives of policy learning, discusses tools, processes and institutions of policy learning and presents the impacts of various tools and structures of the policy learning infrastructure for the actual policy learning process. The report defines three objectives of policy learning: evaluation and assessment of policy effectiveness, vision building and planning, and consensus building. In the 11 countries under consideration, the tools and processes of the policy learning, infrastructure can be classified into three broad groups: public bodies, expert councils, and parties, interest groups and the private sector. Finally, we develop four recommendations for policy learning: Firstly, learning processes should keep the balance between centralisation and plurality. Secondly, learning processes should be kept stable beyond the usual political business cycles. Thirdly, policy learning tools and infrastructures should be sufficiently independent from political influence or bias. Fourth, Policy learning tools and infrastructures should balance out mere effectiveness, evaluation and vision building.

Front matter -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Executive Summary -- Introduction 1 -- Federal Datasets on Food and Nutrition 2 -- Proprietary Data Sources 3 -- Other Federal Data Sources 4 -- Recommendations 5 -- References -- Appendix A Enhancing the Data Infrastructure in Support of Food and Nutrition Programs, Research, and Decision Making: -- Appendix B Workshop Agenda -- Appendix C Workshop Participants -- Appendix D Biographical Sketches of Panel Members and Staff.

Deliberative Verfahren sind regelmäßiger Bestandteil der Entscheidungsfindung über Neu- und Ausbauprojekte im Schienenfernverkehr. Die subjektiven Einschätzungen aus 29 Interviews mit Verfahrensbeteiligten und viele Hintergrundgespräche und teilnehmende Beobachtungen zeigen, dass der Hauptzweck der Verfahren in der Praxis im Ausgleich von Wissensdifferenzen gesehen wird. Dabei konzentrieren sich die Vorhabenträger vor allem auf die Kommunikation politischer, rechtlicher, technischer, ökonomischer und ökologischer Planungshintergründe. Für lokal Betroffene können die Verfahren die Möglichkeit bieten, subjektives Wissen über soziale Raumstrukturen zu kommunizieren. Die materiellen Effekte deliberativer Verfahren in der Infrastrukturpolitik sind oft gering. Eine wichtige Bedeutung liegt in der Vermeidung von Eskalationsprozessen. Dafür ist zentral, dass die Verfahren vor einer konfliktverschärfenden Personalisierung des Prozesses beginnen und dass sie so strukturiert sind, dass gegenseitiges Vertrauen der Beteiligten gefördert wird.

In 1992 Professor Dick Netzer posed the question "Do We Really Need a National Infrastructure Policy?" but a national infrastructure policy really is a fanciful notion. America has never had a national infrastructure policy, there is no consensus as to what constitutes "infrastructure," and little to agreement on public policy at the national level. Although we may agree that public expenditures to build and maintain infrastructure should be effective, efficient, and equitable, however hard we try and however sincere our efforts, we never agree on the meanings of terms like infrastructure, policy, effectiveness, efficiency, or equity. The futility of striving toward "a" national or unified infrastructure policy does not, of course, prevent America from pursuing innumerable national infrastructure policies. This essay posits that America can take many practical and important steps to manage and improve its infrastructure regardless of whether it has a document called a "national infrastructure policy."

This Round Table is one of a series of research events to discuss tools to improve transport planning. It addressed the macroeconomic effects of transport infrastructure policies, and aimed at identifying analytical and empirical tools that could determine the overall volume of public expenditure for transport infrastructure investment. It also sought to identify state-of-the-art methods for assessing the macroeconomic impact of transport infrastructure investment. Macroeconomic studies help to identify overall funding needs for infrastructure investment and allow overall rates of return on in

This paper analyzes the efficiency and political acceptability of road pricing and infrastructure policies targeted at relieving urban congestion. It combines a stylized transport model of an urban road network with a model of the political process that incorporates interactions between voters, citizen interest groups and politicians to explore the possibilities to reach political acceptability for efficient transport policies. In a numerical illustration, the paper compares a set of pricing and investment policies in terms of efficiency and acceptability. The illustration shows how conflicting interests can lead to non-efficient policies being chosen.

The transaction system in local governments has undergone a transition from manual to non-cash transactions. Semarang Regency is one of twelve regions selected as pilot projects. The initial implementation supporting infrastructure has not met the required targets. The existence of manual transitions to non-cash will be followed by different procedures and different information systems. The purpose of this study is to see the effect of supporting infrastructure and information systems on non-cash transaction policies and see the influence of supporting infrastructure on information systems. This research is a quantitative research, with variables of quality, quantity, perceptions about the ease of use, perceived usefulness, attitudes toward use, behavior to keep using. Sampling uses census sampling with 71 treasurer respondents. The method of data analysis uses SEM-PLS with software WAPLS 6. The results of the research obtained that the supporting infrastructure has no influence on non-cash transaction policies. Information systems affect the non-cash transaction policy. Supporting infrastructure affects information systems.

As next to all aspects of research are becoming internationalised at a more and more rapid pace the need for the creation of transnational research infrastructures can no longer be seen as limited to certain fields of natural sciences. Against the background, new policies have been launched with the stated ambition of developing world-class research infrastructures through the creation of critical mass for scientific undertakings across the continent. Thus they seek to contribute to the establishment of a European Research Area in which the fragmentation of scientific resources can be minimised. Against this background, it was the aim of this paper to analyse whether selected policies with the aim to build capacity in this field are likely to contribute to their objective to help foster the emerging European Research Area. Based on a recent representative survey of 598 European research organisations and available data for the 6th and 7th Framework Programmes for Research, evidence was collected to address two main research questions. Firstly, we found that the four largest EU countries (Germany, France, Italy, UK) still dominate both lines of actions aimed at building or extending research infrastructures in Europe (I3 actions and design actions) with a view to budget, project co-ordination and, to a lesser degree, participation. Nonetheless, their dominance seems to subside gradually. In different respects, some smaller Member States have become better integrated in funding schemes of the 7th Framework Programme than they were under the 6th Framework Programme. Beneficiaries in that sense include Denmark, Finland, Norway and Greece. On the one hand, our findings thus illustrate that the aim to overcome fragmentation is clearly reflected in structure of the policy programmes while, on the other hand, they illustrate that a challenging task remains ahead. Secondly, we found that the structure of expenditure and participation in the related actions under both the 6th and the 7th Framework Programme does not yet match well with the factual pattern of research infrastructures in Europe. Partially, that is due to the European Framework Programme's traditional focus on (nuclear) physics and astronomy that continues to take the largest share of all related allocations of funding. Additionally, however, there is evidence of conscious priority setting in new fields such as energy research and life sciences. Finally, the structure of allocations and participation under the 7th Framework Programme has come to reflect the factual pattern of research infrastructures in Europe better than was the case under FP 6, not least due to in increased acknowledgement of the role of the social sciences. In conclusion, the European effort to build and strengthen key research infrastructures seems well on track to build new momentum although it is unlikely to overcome the persistent disparities across the continent in the nearer future.

"The transport infrastructure generates benefits in efficiency and interchange of goods and people. The increase of accessibility induced by transport infrastructure in a region causes employment growth, which causes a more positive economic future for the affected area by the infrastructure. The purpose of this book is presented to the practitioners, researchers and students as a comprehensive framework around the transport infrastructure for the following: i. Transport infrastructure, their economic influence and the territorial transformation. ii. The active mobility infrastructure, the design and the habitat influence in urban areas. iii. The fundamentals and main approaches around road infrastructure and pavement management. iv. The fundamentals and main approaches around road infrastructure, pavement design, assessment and management in road and airport pavement. v. An approach toward the assessment and management of railway infrastructure and the urban policies of tram systems in Europe. The transport infrastructure diversity presented in this book offers a valuable and representative point of view concerning its importance, considering the assessment aspects, management and especially the challenges in the field."--Provided by publisher

Broadband connectivity is now essential to ensure a competitive advantage for any business. The analysis of Scotland's crucial IT infrastructure contribution supported the authors' thesis that the Government plays a decisive role in Open Innovation ecosystems. Indeed, IT infrastructures are a clear case of market failure where remote areas will never be served by adequate connectivity without public support. The main contribution is the demonstration that the benefits of public intervention are sometimes required and beneficial to correct market distortions and generate positive spillovers in terms of collaboration in Open Innovation ecosystems. Another relevant contribution is a comprehensive analysis of the consistency of the evolution of the public policies that supported the IT Infrastructure in Scotland. Therefore, pivotal is the study of this case study that can be easily generalised to many other contexts where the Government addressed market failures and, at the same time, contributed to generating collaborative environments.