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Infant Mortality Rate is one of the indicators of development of anation. The rate of child death in a country reflects the health standardsof people. Most of the developing countries of East Africa and Asiahave the lowest HDI which reflect the high infant mortality rate.Similarly, India being a developing country has a higher IMR. However,IMR in India has declined from more than 50 per 1000 before 2005 toless than 50 in the recent years. However the IMR varies from state tostate particularly southern states like Kerala, Tamil Nadu andKarnataka which have lower IMR which indicate a better standard ofliving. Karnataka state has 35 per 1000 births which is better thanmany states in the country. However, there are regional disparities inIMR particularly in the districts like Gulbarga, Raichur, Koppal,Bagalkot and Bidar which have higher IMR than the southern districtsof Karnataka. This regional disparity is attributed to social, economicand religious issues. Despite the regional disparities, Karnataka hasthe lowest IMR next only to Kerala state illustrating comparatively betterhealth profile of the population. In the last five years there has been asharp decline in the Infant Mortality Rate.

SummaryThis paper examines the levels, trends and Kuwaiti–non-Kuwaiti differentials in stillbirth, infant and child mortality rates during the 1957–79 period. The present infant mortality rate (33 per 1000) and its component parts are high in contrast to those in more developed countries. But during the last few decades, the rates showed definite decline. The decline in infant and child mortality was rapid between 1955 and 1970 when the infant death rate was about 100 or more per thousand livebirths, but slowed after the infant mortality rates were brought down to around 50 in 1970. The large scale reduction in mortality since 1950 is closely associated with socioeconomic progress and improvements in standards of living as well as wider availability and better accessibility of health services. Kuwait is still in a position where mortality can be reduced further, provided that investment in health and education continues.

Inequalities in infant mortality rates (IMRs) are rising in some low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) and decreasing in others, but the explanation for these divergent trends is unclear. We investigate whether government expenditures and redistribution are associated with reductions in inequalities in IMRs. We estimated country-level fixed-effects panel regressions for 48 LMICs (142 country observations). Slope and Relative Indices of Inequality in IMRs (SII and RII) were calculated from Demographic and Health Surveys between 1993 and 2013. RII and SII were regressed on government expenditure (total, health and non-health) and redistribution, controlling for gross domestic product (GDP), private health expenditures, a democracy indicator, country fixed effects and time. Mean SII and RII was 39.12 and 0.69, respectively. In multivariate models, a 1 percentage point increase in total government expenditure (% of GDP) was associated with a decrease in SII of -2.468 [95% confidence intervals (CIs): -4.190, -0.746] and RII of -0.026 (95% CIs: -0.048, -0.004). Lower inequalities were associated with higher non-health government expenditure, but not higher government health expenditure. Associations with inequalities were non-significant for GDP, government redistribution, and private health expenditure. Understanding how non-health government expenditure reduces inequalities in IMR, and why health expenditures may not, will accelerate progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals.

Introduction: Inequalities in infant mortality rates (IMR) are rising in some Low and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs) and falling in others, but the explanation for these divergent trends is unclear. We investigate whether government expenditures and redistribution are associated with reductions in inequalities in IMR. Methods: We estimated country-level fixed-effects panel regressions for 48 LMICs (142 country-observations). Slope and Relative Indices of Inequality in IMR (SII and RII) were calculated from Demographic and Health Surveys between 1993-2013. RII and SII were regressed on government expenditure (total, health, and non-health) and redistribution, controlling for GDP, private health expenditures, a democracy indicator, country fixed effects, and time. Results: Mean SII and RII was 39.12 and 0.69. In multivariate models, a one percentage-point increase in total government expenditure (% of GDP) was associated with a decrease in SII of -2.468 (95% CIs: -4.190, -0.746) and RII of -0.026 (95% CIs: -0.048, -0.004). Lower inequalities were associated with higher non-health government expenditure, but not higher government health expenditure. Associations with inequalities were nonsignificant for GDP, government redistribution, and private health expenditure. Discussion: Understanding how non-health government expenditure reduces inequalities in IMR, and why health expenditures may not, will accelerate progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals.

Background: Although it has been globally reported that IMR and U5MR continue to decline every year, the rate disparities between urban and rural areas are still evident in various countries. The government is presumed to carry out efforts to reduce this disparity, such as by allocating the government's health expenditure. Aims: This study systematically identifies the effectiveness, best practices, and positive impacts of government health expenditure allocation for IMR and U5MR, specifically in rural areas. Methods: This systematic review study was conducted using the PICOS method to analyse data that were obtained from 3 online databases. Results: The government health expenditure could reduce the gap in mortality rate indicators between urban and rural areas. Programs specifically proposed for rural communities can help decrease the gap between urban-rural IMR and U5MR. The effectiveness of government health expenditure to reduce mortality rates was strongly influenced by various factors, including supporting policies, field implementation in regions, and the collaboration between the central and local governments. Conclusion: The local government plays a definitely crucial role in the implementation of the health program to ensure that the central government executes the program effectively in order to reduce IMR and U5MR in rural areas.

AbstractThe Russian Empire had the highest infant mortality rate in Europe at the beginning of the twentieth century. Using a variety of official statistical sources and qualitative evidence, this paper documents uniquely high infant mortality among ethnic Russians. In contrast, among other ethnic groups of the empire, infant mortality rates did not exceed those of the European countries by much. The evidence suggests that the explanation for the Russian infant mortality pattern was ethnic‐specific infant care practices, such as the early introduction of solid food, which increased the incidence of lethal gastrointestinal diseases. Our findings highlight the importance of traditional infant feeding practices in mortality in pre‐industrial societies.

Introduction Portugal is a special case when we intend to analyze some infant health indicators. It was very impressive the evolution since 1980. During less than four decades it was possible to plan and implement some strategies in a way decrease the infant mortality rate and other connected indicators. So, independently of political changes, the coherence of health system was remarkable. Purpose As part of broader research about general health indicators in Portugal, we have defined this main objective: To analyze the evolution of the infant mortality rate and other indicators linked with it and to identify some strategies that could have influenced this evolution. Methods It is a descriptive research. The data collection tool was an observational instrument structured to analyze the documents about National Health Plans and indicators publicized by INE, DGS, and Pordata, We have had particular consideration about: all infant mortality rates since 1980 to 2015; strategies that could improve the child health; some curricula of nursing and other health professionals; the reorganization of professional careers and their qualifications. Data collection took place between September and October 2016. Results The main outcomes are: all mortality rates decreased extraordinarily. In 1981 our infant mortality rate was 21‰ and in 2015 this rate is 2,9 ‰ we can observe that posneonatal mortality rate and neonatal rate are very low. Like other developed countries we frequently have some areas where the posneonatal mortality rate is 0, and all infant mortality occurs in neonatal period and is associated with prematurity complications, the main cause of the infant mortality rate in all developed countries. These results are consistently connected with measures planned in our national programs and other social strategies. We can identify a special link with our national and public health system and the improvement of qualifications in health professionals, specifically the nurses. Conclusion The health is a major issue in all ...

This paper examines the relationship between health aid and infant mortality, using data from 118 countries between 1973 and 2004. Health aid has a statistically significant effect on infant mortality: doubling per capita health aid is associated with a 2 percent reduction in the infant mortality rate. For the average country, this implies that increasing per capita health aid by US1.60 per year is associated with 1.5 fewer infant deaths per thousand births. The estimated effect is small, relative to the targets envisioned by the Millennium Development Goals

Examines 4 ethnic classification schemes for Anglos, Asians, Blacks, Hispanics, and Indians. Comparisons reveal current methods of assigning ethnic codes relies on biological and paternal rather than social and maternal characteristics and that different classifications of ethnicity can produce different infant mortality rates and ranks. (Abstract amended)

Background Infant mortality rates in the US exceed those in all other developed countries and in many less developed countries, suggesting political factors may contribute.

The Regional Government of South Central Timor Regency is fully aware of and knows what the SDGs are. Some OPD leaders and officials know the SDGs are only an extension of the MDGs, but do not know the substance of the agenda. The method used in this study is a descriptive method with a qualitative approach, then the primary data and secondary data collected are analyzed using data analysis techniques from Creswell (2016). Capacity building in order to achieve sustainable development goals (SDGs) in reducing maternal and infant mortality within the scope of the South Central Timor Regency Regional Apparatus Organization uses the opinion of Thompson (2003: 60) which develops the concept created by Parsons (1960 with research results namely on ;( a) at the technical level it was found that the Regional Apparatus Organization (OPD) in TTS Regency did not yet have a comprehensive understanding of the SDGs with indicators of maternal and infant mortality so that they were still limited to the problem of stunting alone and still had problems integrating databases in each agency.(b) level managerially it was found that there was no synchronization of personnel allocation for each unit and function in carrying out SDG's goals (c) at the institutional level it was known that local governments had not developed effective policies regarding the implementation of SDGs in regional development plans.

The Registrar General's Returns are an integral source for historical demographers. Concerns have been raised, however, over the geographical accuracy of their pre-1911 mortality figures when institutional deaths were not redistributed to place of residence. This paper determines the extent of the distortions caused by institutional mortality in the context of aggregate infant mortality rates for London's registration sub-districts. The potential of two alternative methods to 'correct' these distortions is then assessed. The first method uses indirect estimation techniques based on data from the 1911 Fertility Census, and the second exploits the rich detail available from the Medical Officer of Health reports. Through narrowing the focus to seven London registration sub-districts over the years 1896–1911, it is shown that both suggested alternative methods remove the institutional mortality biases found in the Registrar General's figures, yet they come with their own limitations.

Abstract A conceptual model of the impact of structural advantage and disadvantage on infant mortality rates is developed and fitted to countylevel data. This model includes mediating endogenous constructs representing medical care availability, the incidence of teenage childbearing, and low birthweight rates and is estimated for three residence categories. Both direct and indirect effects of social structure and teenage childbearing on infant mortality vary significantly across the categories. Structural advantage exerts a significant and negative direct effect on infant mortality rates in urban areas, but in rural areas this effect is indirect, operating through teenage childbearing and low birthweight. Structural disadvantage significantly increases infant mortality in both rural and urban settings, but the effects operate directly in metropolitan areas and indirectly in rural areas. These results underscore the central role that social structure continues to play in determining infant mortality rates in the United States.

During the sixties overall infant mortality rate of Bangladesh was largely static. It increased considerably in the early seventies following the liberation war of 1971 and the country-wide famine of 1974. Mortality differentials by residence, however, reveal that an unchanged mortality situation during the sixties prevailed only in rural areas of Bangladesh while urban mortality was able to achieve noteworthy improvements at that time. The author concludes that despite the fact that the country has been able to accomplish some decline in overall mortality in recent decades, no corresponding decline has taken place in the area of infant mortality. (DÜI-Sen)