Suchergebnisse

This article examines the policy and institutional constraints on smallholder adoption of groundwater irrigation practices in Sub-Saharan Africa. The analysis departs from the unilateral focus on the promotion of technologies and probes not only the issues of groundwater governance but also those policies related to other enabling factors such as access to credit, energy and agricultural pricing policies and land-tenure security. The paper argues that the region may be missing an opportunity by not ensuring at least neutral policy towards agricultural groundwater development and addressing other constraints which hold back not only agricultural groundwater use but smallholder agriculture development in general.

"Groundwater Treatment Technology, Third Edition provides a complete review of current technologies for groundwater treatment. It also explains the design techniques that are required to apply those technologies successfully in a groundwater cleanup and provides the reader with the unique design criteria and detailed knowledge of these specific treatment methods. Given the current prominence of aboveground treatment, the text limits the design discussion to aboveground techniques, though it still discusses how the various aboveground technologies interact with various in-situ methods"--Ebook page

ABSTRACTSince 1935, France has experienced an evolution ‐ from legislation aimed at groundwater protection to regulations concerning water‐management incentives for increased use, in selected parts of acquifers, without causing over‐abstraction. During the 1960s, the protection of users became the main priority, and the water agencies have now become powerful bodies in the combat against water pollution and towards aquifer rehabilitation. The 1992 Water Act provided a balanced management of water resources (a) taking into account the water resource, surface‐water and groundwater, and (b) establishing a Water Directorate within the Ministry of the Environment. Reference is made to major achievements in the field of groundwater management and protection in terms of quantity and quality.

There are many reasons behind the worsening groundwater situation that have led to a scarcity of quality water supply for sustaining lives and livelihoods in India, as well as in other parts of the world. The lack of a proper scientific understanding of this situation by the various stakeholders has been identified as one of the important gaps in the sustainable management of groundwater. This paper shares experiences from Gujarat and Rajasthan in western India where scientists, NGOs, government agencies and village leaders have worked together to explore strategies for sustainable groundwater management. The study involved a total of eleven villages in Gujarat and Rajasthan, India. The study's main aim was to educate these communities through an intensive capacity building of (mainly) rural youth, called Bhujal Jaankars (BJs), a Hindi word meaning 'groundwater informed'. The BJs were trained in their local settings through relevant theory and practical exercises, so that they could perform a geo-hydrological evaluation of their area, monitor groundwater and share their findings and experiences with their village community. The BJs went through a training program of a series of sessions totalling 45-days that covered mapping, land and water resource analysis, geo-hydrology, and water balance analysis, and finally groundwater management strategies. This approach has highlighted important learning that can be replicated in other parts of the two states and beyond. There are now 35 trained BJs who regularly monitor groundwater and rainfall in the two study watersheds, and provide data to both scientific and their own rural communities. This study has demonstrated that BJ capacity building has helped to provide a scientific basis for village level groundwater dialogue. This is now leading the communities and other stakeholders to improve their decision making regarding groundwater use, crop selection, agronomy, recharge strategies and other aspects of sustainable groundwater management. Although the BJ program has been successful and BJs can act as a valuable interface between local communities and other stakeholders, there still exists some challenges to the BJ programme, such as the need for mechanisms and funding sources that will sustain the BJs over the longer term; wider acceptance of BJs among scientific communities and policy makers; and the acceptance of the role and involvements of BJs in natural resources management programs of the State and Central governments in India.

Volltext // 2010 digitalisiert von: Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, München. Exemplar mit der Signatur: München, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek -- H.eccl. 3169 q-176

James A. Baker III, Chief of Staff to Ronald Reagan, joins David to talk about decision-making in the aftermath of an assassination attempt on Reagan, the ongoing anthem protests in the NFL, imposing discipline in a Trump White House, the coarsening of our politics, and more.
To learn more about how CNN protects listener privacy, visit cnn.com/privacy
Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

Dynamic Optimal Design of Groundwater Remediation Using Genetic Algorithms -- Optimal Plume Capture Design in Unconfined Aquifers -- Palladium Catalysis for the Treatment of Contaminated Waters: A Review -- Electrochemical and Biogeochemical Interactions under dc Electric Fields -- Transport of Trichloroethylene (TCE) in Natural Soil by Electroosmosis -- Sorbing Vertical Barriers -- Reductive Dechlorination of Chlorinated Solvents on Zerovalent Iron Surfaces -- Pilot Test of a Surfactant-modified Zeolite Permeable Barrier for Groundwater Remediation -- Effects of Surfactant Sorption on the Equilibrium Distribution of Organic Pollutants in Contaminated Subsurface Environments -- Surfactant-enhanced Desorption of Organic Pollutants from Natural Soil -- Surfactant-enhanced Removal of Hydrophobic Oils from Source Zones -- In Situ Density Modification of Entrapped Dense Nonaqueous-phase Liquids (DNAPLs) Using Surfactant/Alcohol Solutions -- Effects of Cosolvent Addition on Surfactant Enhanced Recovery of Tetrachloroethene (PCE) from a Heterogeneous Porous Medium -- Unsaturated-zone Airflow: Implications for Natural Remediation of Groundwater by Contaminant Transport through the Subsurface -- High-vacuum Soil Vapor Extraction in a Silty-clay Vadose Zone.

California's Sustainable Groundwater Management Act (SGMA), passed in 2014, recognizes and addresses connections between surface water and groundwater. The statute is California's first statewide law to explicitly reflect the fact that surface water and groundwater are frequently interconnected and that groundwater management can impact groundwater-dependent ecosystems, surface water flows, and the beneficial uses of those flows. As such, SGMA partially remedies the historically problematic practice of treating groundwater and surface water as legally distinct resources. SGMA requires groundwater sustainability agencies (GSAs) to manage groundwater to avoid six undesirable results, including significant and unreasonable adverse impacts on beneficial uses of surface water. While this aspect of SGMA is clearly important, significant uncertainties exist regarding how GSAs will actually define and achieve this goal. Addressing SGMA's requirements for groundwatersurface water interactions will be difficult. Defining the issues at stake in any given basin, let alone successfully balancing the range of uncertainties and potentially conflicting interests, will pose challenges for many GSAs. No clear, pre-defined formula exists to guide GSAs in determining what significant and unreasonable depletions of interconnected surface water will be, or whether planned actions will sufficiently avoid them. Yet they are required to do so. Many GSAs will face pressure to aggressively address impacts on surface water in their basin. Many will face equal or greater pressure not to draw the line. Nevertheless, it will fall to the GSAs to make a determination, and to defend it in their groundwater sustainability plans (GSPs). Therefore, GSAs will likely take on some level of risk—of successful political opposition to their GSP, of succesful legal challenges to their GSP, of their GSP performing ineffectively, or of all of these outcomes. Given the aggressive timeline inherent to SGMA, addressing this risk early will be crucial for preserving management options. Challenges and risk are not the whole story, however. The process of addressing groundwater-surface water interactions also offers GSAs an opportunity to help communities and other stakeholders resolve, or avoid, difficult conflicts, and to do so in lasting ways. While California law has only recently begun to seriously address conflicts between surface and groundwater uses, those conflicts have been occurring for decades, and in some places for over a century. SGMA, in other words, did not create conflict between groundwater pumping and beneficial uses of surface water; instead it created an opportunity—as well as an obligation—to respond to those challenges. Embracing that opportunity will not be easy, but GSAs that take SGMA as an opportunity to resolve longstanding issues can do lasting good. The research presented here examines some of the legal and institutional questions that will inevitably arise as GSAs seek to address groundwater-surface water interactions under SGMA. The core goal of this report is to help parties identify and address these questions, and ultimately to let GSAs and stakeholders manage groundwater-surface water interactions proactively and effectively.

"The competition for groundwater sources as a water supply reinforces the need for a strong economic rationale in decision-making. Evaluating economic decisions in the context of total water management and life-cycle water use is essential to making critical development and remediation choices. This revised volume provides fundamental economic and policy concepts related to groundwater, discusses important factors in cost-benefits and life-cycle evaluation, and explains triple-bottom-line analysis for different groundwater projects. It includes new and updated case studies on groundwater issues with solutions for a range of situations based on economic data."