Knowledge on compliance with governmental recommendations in combating the spread of COVID-19 in different groups is important to target efforts. This study investigated the adherence to the governmental implemented COVID-19 measures and its predictors in Danish university students, a not-at-risk group for COVID-19 mortality and normally characterized by many social contacts. As part of the COVID-19 International Student Wellbeing Study, a survey on socio-demographic situation, study information, living arrangements, lifestyle behaviors, stress, questions about COVID-19 infection and knowledge and concern about COVID-19 infection was sent via email to relevant university students in Denmark in May, 2020 (n = 2.945). Stepwise multiple linear regression analysis was employed. Our results showed that around 60% of the students were not concerned about COVID-19, while 68% reported that they followed governmental measures. The main facilitators for following the recommendations were older age, concern about COVID-19 and depression, while barriers were living in a student hall, being physical active or reporting mental stress. Only 9% of the variation in adhering to governmental recommendations could be explained by the analyzed predictors. Results may inform health communication. Emotionally appealing information rather than knowledge-based information may be more effective in motivating students to follow COVID-19 measures.
Abstract: Knowledge on compliance with governmental recommendations in combating the spread of COVID-19 in different groups is important to target efforts. This study investigated the adherence to the governmental implemented COVID-19 measures and its predictors in Danish university students, a not-at-risk group for COVID-19 mortality and normally characterized by many social contacts. As part of the COVID-19 International Student Wellbeing Study, a survey on socio-demographic situation, study information, living arrangements, lifestyle behaviors, stress, questions about COVID19 infection and knowledge and concern about COVID-19 infection was sent via email to relevant university students in Denmark in May, 2020 (n = 2.945). Stepwise multiple linear regression analysis was employed. Our results showed that around 60% of the students were not concerned about COVID-19, while 68% reported that they followed governmental measures. The main facilitators for following the recommendations were older age, concern about COVID-19 and depression, while barriers were living in a student hall, being physical active or reporting mental stress. Only 9% of the variation in adhering to governmental recommendations could be explained by the analyzed predictors. Results may inform health communication. Emotionally appealing information rather than knowledge-based information may be more effective in motivating students to follow COVID-19 measures.
Despite numerous national and international climate conferences, meetingsand workshops leading to various greenhouse gas (GHG) emission targets and agreements since the 1970s, total GHG emissions in Canada continue to increase. They reached 729 megatonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent (Mt CO2 eq) in 2018, with the Canadian agricultural sector contributing approximately 10 per cent of total GHGs emitted. Different regions of the country contribute different levels, face different challenges and have different capacities to address their GHG emissions. Designing climate guidelines, programs, policies and adopting best management practices (BMPs) that promote relevant local and regional adaptation and mitigation efforts is important. Mechanisms such as setting a carbon price, cap- and-trade systems and tax-based policies contribute to decreased GHG emissions. GHG emissions in Canada are regulated at the federal level via a national carbon pricing policy and provinces have set limitations on GHG emissions via pricing or taxation. Agriculture has the potential to mitigate GHG emissions by applying BMPs that reduce emissions and increase carbon storage in soils. Meanwhile, the pressure is increasing on the agricultural sector to increase production, both for local commodities and those destined for export, to feed a growing population. This paper explores agricultural policies and measures that encourage farmers and producers across Canada to reduce their GHG emissions. Specifically, national and provincial measures and implications are presented and compared to international measures and outcomes. Finally, recommendations are made for future climate policy research and adoption.
Moving beyond the border : introduction and overview / Joseph Francois & Bernard Hoekman -- NTMs : data concepts and sources / Marie Luise Rau & Achim Vogt -- Regulatory bindings, policy uncertainty, and market access in services / Peter Egger, Joseph Francois, Bernard Hoekman, & Miriam Manchin -- NTMs in the presence of global value chains and their impact on productivity / Mahdi Ghodsi & Robert Stehrer -- Non-tariff measure estimations in different impact assessments / Eddy Bekkers & Hugo Rojas-Romagosa -- Gauging procurement policy change during the crisis-era : evidence from the global trade alert / Simon J. Evenett & Anirudh Shingal -- Preferences, income distribution, and the burden of NTMs / Igor Bagayev & Ronald B. Davies -- NTM reforms : a practitioner's perspective / Fabio Artuso -- Good regulatory practices and international trade / Robert Basedow -- Rules of origin as non-tariff measures : towards greater regulatory convergence / Bernard Hoekman & Stefano Inama -- Behind-the-border measures and the new generation of trade agreements : TBTand SPS compared / Manfred Elsig & Sebastian Klotz -- Non-tariff responses to China's development strategy : the WTO's interface challenge / Chad Bown -- A time for action : the WTO must change to promote regulatory cooperation / Thomas J. Bollyky & Petros C. Mavroidis.
This volume describes more than 400 separate policy actions that IEA Member countries took to mitigate climate change in the energy sector during 1999. Listings are provided for each country with classifications of actions into five major policy approaches: fiscal policy; market policy; regulatory policy; R&D policy; and policy processes. In addition, policies are classified according to energy source and end-use.
Universities and research centers in Spain are subject to a national open access (OA) mandate and to their own OA institutional policies, if any, but compliance with these requirements has not been fully monitored yet. We studied the degree of OA archiving of publications of 28 universities within the period 2012-2014. Of these, 12 have an institutional OA mandate, 9 do not require but request or encourage OA of scholarly outputs, and 7 do not have a formal OA statement but are well known for their support of the OA movement. The potential OA rate was calculated according to the publisher open access policies indicated in Sherpa/Romeo directory. The universities showed an asymmetric distribution of 1% to 63% of articles archived in repositories that matched those indexed by the Web of Science in the same period, of which 1% to 35% wereOA and the rest were closed access. For articles on work carried out with public funding and subject to the Spanish Science law, the percentage was similar or slightly higher. However, the analysis of potential OA showed that the figure could have reached 80% in some cases. This means that the real proportion of articles in OA is far below what it could potentially be. ; Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad. CSO2014-52830-P ; Peer reviewed
Universities and research centers in Spain are subject to a national open access (OA) mandate and to their own OA institutional policies, if any, but compliance with these requirements has not been fully monitored yet. We studied the degree of OA archiving of publications of 28 universities within the period 2012-2014. Of these, 12 have an institutional OA mandate,9 do not require but request or encourage OA of scholarly outputs, and 7 do not have a formal OA statement but are well known for their support of the OA movement. The potential OA rate was calculated according to the publisher open access policies indicated in Sherpa/Romeo directory. The universities showed an asymmetric distribution of 1% to 63% of articles archived in repositories that matched those indexed by the Web of Science in the same period, of which 1% to 35% were OA and the rest were closed access. For articles on work carried out with public funding and subject to the Spanish Science law, the percentage was similar or slightly higher. However, the analysis of potential OA showed that the figure could have reached 80% in some cases. This means that the real proportion of articles in OA is far below what it could potentially be.
The persistently low and (partly) negative output growth in Germany in 2019 evoked memories of the recent global economic crisis and, by this, sparked debates about measures to counter the growing number of unemployed, for example changing the generosity of unemployment benefits (UB) and short-time work. This paper aims to contribute to the theoretical literature of policy responses to recessions by analyzing three prominent instruments: a) a permanent (simultaneous) reduction of unemployment benefits and increasing search efforts, b) a fiscal stimulus and c) short-time work. In contrast to other studies that use, e.g., search (and matching) models, I build an agent-based macroeconomic model (ABM). Using an ABM allows me to analyze the macro- and microeconomic effects of such policies as well as their interplay. Further, I can analyze the effects from the heterogeneity of agents. I find four main results: 1) a) has nearly no effect on unemployment in the short run and its effects are limited in the long run. This is contrary to the canonical search and matching models, even though the policy reveals the same 'desired' effects, e.g. shorter unemployment spells. Nevertheless, it confirms recent research on the topic. 2) However, contrary policies, i.e. increasing the unemployment benefits, do not improve the situation either. Unemployment rather increases in the long run. 3) In comparison to a), policies b) and c) can dampen unemployment in the short run. 4) In contrast to representative agent (equilibrium) models, I can show that short-time work supports the economic recovery through demand stabilization and distributive effects among heterogeneous firms. Especially, the distributive effects of short-time work have not been shown in other papers so far. ; Das anhaltend niedrige und (teilweise) negative Wirtschaftswachstum in Deutschland im Jahr 2019 weckte Erinnerungen an die jüngste Finanzkrise und löste Debatten über Maßnahmen zur Bekämpfung einer steigenden Arbeitslosigkeit aus, z.B. Änderungen bei der finanziellen Unterstützung von Arbeitslosen oder Kurzarbeit. Die vorliegende Studie soll zur theoretischen Diskussion über staatliche Maßnahmen während Rezessionen beitragen. Dazu werden drei prominente Maßnahmen untersucht: a) eine permanente Reduzierung der Arbeitslosenunterstützung bei gleichzeitiger Erhöhung der Suchintensität von Arbeitslosen, b) ein fiskalischer Stimulus und c) Kurzarbeit. Im Gegensatz zu anderen Studien, z.B. Search- (and Matching) Modellen, verwendet diese Studie ein agentenbasiertes makroökonomisches Modell (ABM). Die Verwendung eines ABM ermöglicht die Untersuchung von makro- und mikroökonomischen Effekte der besagten Maßnahmen sowie deren Interaktionen. Ferner können Effekte, die auf die Heterogenität von Agenten zurückgehen, einbezogen werden. Die Arbeit zeigt maßgeblich vier Ergebnisse: 1) Maßnahme a) hat in der kurzen Frist nahezu keine Auswirkungen auf die Arbeitslosigkeit und die langfristigen Effekte sind eher begrenzt. Die Ergebnisse stehen im Gegensatz zu denen der (klassischen) Search- (and Matching) Modelle, obwohl die Maßnahme a) in beiden Modelltypen ähnliche "erwünschte" Effekte hat, z.B. die kürzere Dauer der Arbeitslosigkeit bei Betroffenen. Die Studienergebnisse stehen allerdings im Einklang mit den Forschungsergebnissen neuerer Arbeiten. 2) Auch eine entgegengesetzte Maßnahme, also die permanente Erhöhung der finanziellen Unterstützung von Arbeitslosen, führt nicht zu einer geringeren Arbeitslosigkeit. Die Arbeitslosigkeit nimmt ebenfalls langfristig eher zu. 3) Im Vergleich zu Maßnahme a), können ein fiskalischer Stimulus (Maßnahme b)) und Kurzarbeit (Maßnahme c)) die Arbeitslosigkeit kurzfristig senken. 4) Diese Studie zeigt, dass die Kurzarbeit die wirtschaftliche Erholung durch Nachfragestabilisierung und Verteilungseffekte zwischen heterogenen Firmen fördert. Insbesondere die Verteilungseffekte der Kurzarbeit sind in bisherigen Arbeiten nicht aufgezeigt worden.
