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One feature of globalization is that barriers to international competition have come to be associated with differences in regulatory policies that increase the costs of engaging in cross-border sales. Such non-tariff measures (NTMs) have attracted growing attention from policy makers and raise important questions for policy research. This book provides a valuable overview of key issues related to NTMs and domestic regulation. It covers the classification and definition of NTMs, new sources of data on NTMs, the impacts of (different types of) NTMs, the challenges that confront efforts to reduce the negative trade effects of NTMs and what can and should be done through international cooperation to promote good practices in the design and implementation of NTMs. The contributors comprise a mix of leading trade policy experts - both academics and practitioners - and younger researchers who have specialized in the analysis of NTMs.

Moving beyond the border : introduction and overview / Joseph Francois & Bernard Hoekman -- NTMs : data concepts and sources / Marie Luise Rau & Achim Vogt -- Regulatory bindings, policy uncertainty, and market access in services / Peter Egger, Joseph Francois, Bernard Hoekman, & Miriam Manchin -- NTMs in the presence of global value chains and their impact on productivity / Mahdi Ghodsi & Robert Stehrer -- Non-tariff measure estimations in different impact assessments / Eddy Bekkers & Hugo Rojas-Romagosa -- Gauging procurement policy change during the crisis-era : evidence from the global trade alert / Simon J. Evenett & Anirudh Shingal -- Preferences, income distribution, and the burden of NTMs / Igor Bagayev & Ronald B. Davies -- NTM reforms : a practitioner's perspective / Fabio Artuso -- Good regulatory practices and international trade / Robert Basedow -- Rules of origin as non-tariff measures : towards greater regulatory convergence / Bernard Hoekman & Stefano Inama -- Behind-the-border measures and the new generation of trade agreements : TBTand SPS compared / Manfred Elsig & Sebastian Klotz -- Non-tariff responses to China's development strategy : the WTO's interface challenge / Chad Bown -- A time for action : the WTO must change to promote regulatory cooperation / Thomas J. Bollyky & Petros C. Mavroidis.

This volume describes more than 400 separate policy actions that IEA Member countries took to mitigate climate change in the energy sector during 1999. Listings are provided for each country with classifications of actions into five major policy approaches: fiscal policy; market policy; regulatory policy; R&D policy; and policy processes. In addition, policies are classified according to energy source and end-use.

For todays transformation towards a circular and resource-efficient economy, an understanding is needed of how changes in socio-technical systems affect resource efficiency (RE). This paper suggests an approach to analyse the RE of socio-technical systems and the related Product-Service Systems (PSSs). A conceptual framework consisting of elements of business models, governmental policies and product and service design is developed. Laundry practices in Sweden serve as the context for a case study. The results indicate that asset sharing is most resource-efficient to facilitate domestic laundry practices, followed by PSSs and individual ownership coming last. This type of analysis helps to understand the role of PSS for RE. Future research focuses on dynamic modelling of socio-technical systems and their impact on RE. © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.

Universities and research centers in Spain are subject to a national open access (OA) mandate and to their own OA institutional policies, if any, but compliance with these requirements has not been fully monitored yet. We studied the degree of OA archiving of publications of 28 universities within the period 2012-2014. Of these, 12 have an institutional OA mandate, 9 do not require but request or encourage OA of scholarly outputs, and 7 do not have a formal OA statement but are well known for their support of the OA movement. The potential OA rate was calculated according to the publisher open access policies indicated in Sherpa/Romeo directory. The universities showed an asymmetric distribution of 1% to 63% of articles archived in repositories that matched those indexed by the Web of Science in the same period, of which 1% to 35% wereOA and the rest were closed access. For articles on work carried out with public funding and subject to the Spanish Science law, the percentage was similar or slightly higher. However, the analysis of potential OA showed that the figure could have reached 80% in some cases. This means that the real proportion of articles in OA is far below what it could potentially be. ; Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad. CSO2014-52830-P ; Peer reviewed

Universities and research centers in Spain are subject to a national open access (OA) mandate and to their own OA institutional policies, if any, but compliance with these requirements has not been fully monitored yet. We studied the degree of OA archiving of publications of 28 universities within the period 2012-2014. Of these, 12 have an institutional OA mandate,9 do not require but request or encourage OA of scholarly outputs, and 7 do not have a formal OA statement but are well known for their support of the OA movement. The potential OA rate was calculated according to the publisher open access policies indicated in Sherpa/Romeo directory. The universities showed an asymmetric distribution of 1% to 63% of articles archived in repositories that matched those indexed by the Web of Science in the same period, of which 1% to 35% were OA and the rest were closed access. For articles on work carried out with public funding and subject to the Spanish Science law, the percentage was similar or slightly higher. However, the analysis of potential OA showed that the figure could have reached 80% in some cases. This means that the real proportion of articles in OA is far below what it could potentially be.

The persistently low and (partly) negative output growth in Germany in 2019 evoked memories of the recent global economic crisis and, by this, sparked debates about measures to counter the growing number of unemployed, for example changing the generosity of unemployment benefits (UB) and short-time work. This paper aims to contribute to the theoretical literature of policy responses to recessions by analyzing three prominent instruments: a) a permanent (simultaneous) reduction of unemployment benefits and increasing search efforts, b) a fiscal stimulus and c) short-time work. In contrast to other studies that use, e.g., search (and matching) models, I build an agent-based macroeconomic model (ABM). Using an ABM allows me to analyze the macro- and microeconomic effects of such policies as well as their interplay. Further, I can analyze the effects from the heterogeneity of agents. I find four main results: 1) a) has nearly no effect on unemployment in the short run and its effects are limited in the long run. This is contrary to the canonical search and matching models, even though the policy reveals the same 'desired' effects, e.g. shorter unemployment spells. Nevertheless, it confirms recent research on the topic. 2) However, contrary policies, i.e. increasing the unemployment benefits, do not improve the situation either. Unemployment rather increases in the long run. 3) In comparison to a), policies b) and c) can dampen unemployment in the short run. 4) In contrast to representative agent (equilibrium) models, I can show that short-time work supports the economic recovery through demand stabilization and distributive effects among heterogeneous firms. Especially, the distributive effects of short-time work have not been shown in other papers so far. ; Das anhaltend niedrige und (teilweise) negative Wirtschaftswachstum in Deutschland im Jahr 2019 weckte Erinnerungen an die jüngste Finanzkrise und löste Debatten über Maßnahmen zur Bekämpfung einer steigenden Arbeitslosigkeit aus, z.B. Änderungen bei der finanziellen Unterstützung von Arbeitslosen oder Kurzarbeit. Die vorliegende Studie soll zur theoretischen Diskussion über staatliche Maßnahmen während Rezessionen beitragen. Dazu werden drei prominente Maßnahmen untersucht: a) eine permanente Reduzierung der Arbeitslosenunterstützung bei gleichzeitiger Erhöhung der Suchintensität von Arbeitslosen, b) ein fiskalischer Stimulus und c) Kurzarbeit. Im Gegensatz zu anderen Studien, z.B. Search- (and Matching) Modellen, verwendet diese Studie ein agentenbasiertes makroökonomisches Modell (ABM). Die Verwendung eines ABM ermöglicht die Untersuchung von makro- und mikroökonomischen Effekte der besagten Maßnahmen sowie deren Interaktionen. Ferner können Effekte, die auf die Heterogenität von Agenten zurückgehen, einbezogen werden. Die Arbeit zeigt maßgeblich vier Ergebnisse: 1) Maßnahme a) hat in der kurzen Frist nahezu keine Auswirkungen auf die Arbeitslosigkeit und die langfristigen Effekte sind eher begrenzt. Die Ergebnisse stehen im Gegensatz zu denen der (klassischen) Search- (and Matching) Modelle, obwohl die Maßnahme a) in beiden Modelltypen ähnliche "erwünschte" Effekte hat, z.B. die kürzere Dauer der Arbeitslosigkeit bei Betroffenen. Die Studienergebnisse stehen allerdings im Einklang mit den Forschungsergebnissen neuerer Arbeiten. 2) Auch eine entgegengesetzte Maßnahme, also die permanente Erhöhung der finanziellen Unterstützung von Arbeitslosen, führt nicht zu einer geringeren Arbeitslosigkeit. Die Arbeitslosigkeit nimmt ebenfalls langfristig eher zu. 3) Im Vergleich zu Maßnahme a), können ein fiskalischer Stimulus (Maßnahme b)) und Kurzarbeit (Maßnahme c)) die Arbeitslosigkeit kurzfristig senken. 4) Diese Studie zeigt, dass die Kurzarbeit die wirtschaftliche Erholung durch Nachfragestabilisierung und Verteilungseffekte zwischen heterogenen Firmen fördert. Insbesondere die Verteilungseffekte der Kurzarbeit sind in bisherigen Arbeiten nicht aufgezeigt worden.

Written in response to the increasingly conscious effort to develop human rights on a universal scale, this seminal volume focuses on three distinct areas of human rights-public policy, criteria for comparative assessment, and NGO (nongovernmental organization) strategies. The contributors amplify and clarify what has been done in the sphere of hum