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Summary
Although the concept of city diplomacy is not new, we are seeing exciting developments in the ways that cities work together to address local and global challenges. This article explores how the global political system must evolve to harness the full potential of a city diplomacy that is well-integrated into global governance. In order for city diplomacy's promise to be unlocked, we must take action in four central areas: facilitating knowledge exchange between local, national and international governance; embracing networks as an integral part of global governance; systematically expanding municipal development co-operation; and revitalising the idea of a world charter of local self-government.

This article presents a description of the Danish corporate governance system. It is similar to other continental European corporate governance systems, having concentrated ownership and no well‐functioning market for corporate control. However, contrary to other European corporate governance systems, foundation ownership plays a vital and significant role in Denmark. Traditionally, the Danish corporate governance system has been oriented towards protecting the rights of various stakeholders and not only shareholders. In recent years, more pressure has been put on Danish firms for promoting shareholder value. As a consequence, Danish managers have begun to receive stock‐related incentive contracts, although the Danish institutional framework still facilitates the protection of a broader range of stakeholders.

Die Autoren ziehen Parallelen zwischen der Klimapolitik und anderen Politiken hinsichtlich weltweiter Entwicklungen. Den Unterschied zu anderen Politiken sehen sie einerseits darin, dass die Klimapolitik Teil des noch sehr jungen Politikfelds Umweltpolitik ist, in dem bereits neue Governance-Instrumente angewandt werden, die mit der Interdependenz verschiedener Policies arbeiten und in ihrer Ausgestaltung noch immer flexibel sind. Andererseits hat sich die Klimapolitik mit ihrer internationalen Dimension und der Organisation in globalen Regimen bereits seit 20 Jahren etabliert. Auf Grund dieser Unterschiede vermuten die Autoren hinsichtlich der Frage, welche Auswirkungen globale Megatrends auf die Governance innerhalb des EU-Mehrebenensystems haben werden, dass die Klimapolitik eine Vorreiterrolle gegenüber anderen Policies spielen wird. Für eine zukünftige Governance gehen sie davon aus, dass erstens die Klammer zwischen lokaler, internationaler und EU-Ebene gestärkt werden und die lokale Ebene mehr Gewicht bekommen wird, und dass zweitens neue Governance- Instrumente wie Wettbewerb und Benchmarking bedeutender werden. Sie verdeutlichen diese Herausforderungen für die lokale Ebene in der Klimapolitik anhand von zwei Fallbeispielen: der "Grünen Hauptstadt Europas" und des "Konvents der BürgermeisterInnen für lokale nachhaltige Energie". (ICI2)

International audience We show that single and multiple overlapping directorships of large French listed corporations are highly explained by their ownership connections. Both large and small stakes, from 1% to 20% of cash-flow rights or voting rights, have high explanatory power. We provide evidence also of the existence of a positive relationship between the size of a shareholding and the strength of the correlation between ownership ties and overlapping directorates. Finally, we demonstrate that causality goes from ownership to interlocking directorates, for both unilateral stakes and cross-shareholdings. ; Nous montrons que les liens de propriété entre les grandes sociétés françaises expliquent largement la présence d'administrateurs en commun, unique ou multiples, entre elles. Tant les grandes participations que les petites, de 1 % à 20 % du capital ou des droits de vote, ont un fort pouvoir explicatif. Nous montrons également qu'il existe une relation croissante entre la taille de la participation et la force de la corrélation entre les liens de propriété et l'existence d'administrateurs communs entre les sociétés. Finalement, nous montrons que la causalité va des liens de propriété aux réseaux d'administrateurs, tant pour les participations unilatérales que pour les participations croisées.

At its founding in 1957, the European Union (EU) had no environmental policy, no environmental bureaucracy, and no environmental laws. When, in 1973, the EU began systematically to address environmental concerns there was little expectation that the environment would develop into one of the largest areas of common activity. Twenty-five years on, the EU has some of the most progressive environmental policies of any state in the world although it is not itself a state. At the same time, the preexisting environmental policies of the member states have undergone a progressive change through their involvement in EU environmental policymaking. In other words, the member states have created an institutional entity to perform certain tasks which has in turn deeply affected the way they themselves perceive and act against environmental problems. This theme issue of Government and Policy offers a retrospective analysis of these developments. The purpose of this introductory essay is to describe the historical evolution of EU environmental policy and to identify the most salient themes.