Suchergebnisse

This chapter presents the policy implications of the analysis in the previous sections. Here we consider various options available for changing the policy framework that governs the production of nitrogenous fertilizers in India, as well as for reducing and rationalizing the fertilizer subsidy. Fertilizer policy change and fertilizer subsidy reduction and rationalization have proved extremely difficult for all finance ministers since 1991. Although several policy options have been suggested (HPRC 1998; ERC 2000; Gulati and Narayanan 2003), some of which have been attempted, progress has been marginal. Therefore, it is useful to consider various reform options and assess them for their effectiveness in addressing specific policy goals as well as for their political feasibility. Table 7.1 displays a qualitative assessment of the reform options according to effectiveness, and Table 7.2 contains an assessment of these options and their political feasibility. ; PR ; IFPRI1 ; EPTD

On the basis of market surveys undertaken in 1983, availability of fertilizer and pesticide in Bangladesh is examined. It is found that wholesalers operated in less than half of the market surveyed. However, retailers are available in almost all markets. (DÜI-Sen)

The high cost of fertilizer had left many small holder farmers unable to access fertilizer which resulted in low agricultural production in Malawi. To solve this problem, the government introduced the Farm Input Subsidy Program (FISP) in 2004/2005 growing season. The subsidy program constituted about 60% of all fertilizer imports into the country. But besides huge investment into this program, food insecurity situation had not been eliminated leaving many smallholder farmers depending on food handouts to take them to the next harvesting season. Policy makers are still exploring options on how to exploit the benefits of FISP. It is for this reason that an investigation was conducted on transportation challenges in fertilizer supply chain, as late delivery was reported to be one of the problems in the distribution process. The research objectives were to investigate the fertilizer supply chain challenges in Malawi, determine transportation challenges in the distribution of FISP fertilizer and recommend solutions for effective fertilizer distribution. To achieve this, a pragmatic philosophy was adopted by employing both qualitative as well as quantitative research methods in data collection. A snowball sampling method was used with the assistance of Road Transport Operators Association (RTOA) in Malawi. Three managers from both public as well as private fertilizer companies were interviewed while 38 questionnaires were administered to transporters that had been involved in subsidy fertilizer distribution. The findings of the research spotted logistical problems in the process of awarding contracts to fertilizer importers as well as transporters as not effective. Other findings included problems with beneficiary identification, high transportation costs, not utilizing ICT, ITS and lack of Research and Development as other challenges affected productivity. The research came up with a Roadmap to Fertilizer Supply Chain as a reference material to future fertilizer supply chain studies, proposed "group fertilizer procurement†in future fertilizer procurement policies and provided empirical evidence of transportation challenges affecting fertilizer distribution in Malawi.

"This circular contains a complete copy of the fertilizer law which was passed during the 1912 session of the New Jersey Legislature and was approved March 27, 1912." ; Cover title. ; Mode of access: Internet.

In a consistent effort to raise productivity and unlock the economic and social potential of the agricultural sector, the Senegalese government has implemented heavy subsidy programs, some of which target the use of inputs. This paper assesses the potential impact of the fertilizer subsidy on farmers' productivity. We use data envelopment analysis to generate efficiency scores, which are then related to the subsidy program using an endogenous treatment-regression model that accounts for potential endogeneity and self-selectivity issues. The results indicate that the subsidy program appears to be associated with increased efficiency, hence providing empirical support to the political will to revamp the program. The results also suggest ways to improve the effectiveness of the subsidy program, as well as additional policy options to further unlock the agricultural potential. ; Non-PR ; IFPRI1; AGRODEP ; MTID

Farmers in China and many other developing countries suffer from low technical efficiency of chemical fertilizer use, which leads to excessive nutrient runoff and other environmental problems. A major cause of the low efficiency is lack of science-based information and recommendations for nutrient application. In response, the Chinese government launched an ambitious nationwide program called the &ldquo ; Soil Testing and Fertilizer Recommendation Project&rdquo ; (STFRP) in 2005 to increase the efficiency of chemical fertilizer use. However, there has been no systematic evaluation of this program. Using data from a nationally representative household survey, and using wheat as an example, this paper first quantifies the technical efficiency of chemical fertilizer use (TEFU) by conducting stochastic frontier analysis (SFA), then evaluates the impact of STFRP on the TEFU using a generalized difference-in-difference approach. We found that STFRP, on average, increased TEFU in wheat production by about 4%, which was robust across various robustness checks. The lessons learned from STFRP will be valuable for China&rsquo ; s future outreach efforts, as well as for other countries considering similar nutrient management policies.

Low fertilizer use is professed to be among the many reasons for low agricultural productivity in Nigeria. Fertilizer application, estimated at 13 kg/ha in 2009 by the Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, is far lower than the 200 kg/ha recommended by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). This report reviews the status of the fertilizer sector in Nigeria on the basis of a thorough overview of existing literature on Nigeria, reports on recent survey results, and analytic work conducted by IFPRI in Nigeria under the Global Food Security Response (GFSR) initiative of the USAID. It synthesizes the findings on key fertilizer issues in Nigeria, focusing on the demand and supply environment, the role played by subsidies, the regulatory environment, and the use of the vouchers system to aid fertilizer distribution. A key finding is that the heavy emphasis on price subsidization to the detriment of other approaches, such as complementary actions to improve farmers� fertilizer-use techniques, has hampered market development. Three policy recommendations arise from this report. First, the initial step the government should take should be to eliminate the existence of dual fertilizer markets by establishing the primal role of the private sector in fertilizer production, procurement and distribution. Second, the government should seek policy stability by reducing the frequency of government intervention in preference to building capacity in the private sector to handle all levels of the fertilizer value chain activities. Finally, it should provide a clear assignment of monitoring and regulatory roles, which are needed at every stage of fertilizer production (including blending) and distribution with a broader reach of regulatory activities at peri-urban and rural markets. ; Non-PR ; IFPRI1; GRP32; NSSP ; DSGD

Farmers in China and many other developing countries suffer from low technical efficiency of chemical fertilizer use, which leads to excessive nutrient runoff and other environmental problems. A major cause of the low efficiency is lack of science-based information and recommendations for nutrient application. In response, the Chinese government launched an ambitious nationwide program called the "Soil Testing and Fertilizer Recommendation Project" (STFRP) in 2005 to increase the efficiency of chemical fertilizer use. However, there has been no systematic evaluation of this program. Using data from a nationally representative household survey, and using wheat as an example, this paper first quantifies the technical efficiency of chemical fertilizer use (TEFU) by conducting stochastic frontier analysis (SFA), then evaluates the impact of STFRP on the TEFU using a generalized difference-in-difference approach. We found that STFRP, on average, increased TEFU in wheat production by about 4%, which was robust across various robustness checks. The lessons learned from STFRP will be valuable for China's future outreach efforts, as well as for other countries considering similar nutrient management policies.

Als Guanos werden Lagerstätten bezeichnet, die in nahezu regenlosen und warmen Klimaten aus den Exkrementen, Eierschalen und Kadavern von Seevögeln entstehen und den gleichnamigen Dünger erzeugen. Dieser organische Dünger lässt sich unterscheiden nach seinem Alter und seiner Genese, seiner geographischen Herkunft, seinen verschiedenen tierischen Produzenten und nach seiner chemischen Zusammensetzung. Die beiden Haupt­typen sind Stickstoff- und Phosphat-Guanos. Phosphat-Guanos benötigen für ihre Entstehung einen kalkhaltigen Untergrund, Stickstoff-Guano-Lagerstätten entstehen unter klimatischen Sonderbedingungen im Bereich des subtropisch-randtropischen Hochdruckgürtels mit seinen Küstenwüsten, deren Bildung durch kalte und sehr nährstoffreiche Auftriebsgewässer geprägt ist. Der bedeutendste Guano ist der Peru-Guano, der bereits über 2000 Jahre als natürlicher Dünger in Peru verwendet wird. In Europa brach ab 1840 der Guano-Boom aus und dauerte bis Anfang des 20. Jahrhunderts als Guano durch industrielle Dünger ersetzt wurde. Nachdem die Guano-Lager­stätten nahezu erschöpft waren, führte die peruanische Regierung eine strenge Reglementierung für den Abbau und Auflagen zur nachhaltigen Bewirtschaftung der Lager­stätten ein. Die Abbautechnik erfolgt in nahezu unveränderter Form. Der gegenwärtig erzeugte Guano wird zu Vorzugspreisen an die peruanische Landbevölkerung abgegeben. Nur noch ein kleiner Anteil wird auf den euro­päischen Markt zur Veredlung von Gartendüngern exportiert. Ein Nischenprodukt stellt Fledermaus-Guano dar, der eine Sonderstellung einnimmt. DOI:10.5073/JfK.2016.07.02, https://doi.org/10.5073/JfK.2016.07.02 ; As guanos are called natural mineral deposits of almost rainless hot-dry climatic regions composed by excrements, eggshells and carcasses of dead seabirds which are components of the correspondent manure used as fertilizer. The organic fertilizer is differed relating to its age, genesis, geographical origin, several animal producers and chemical composition. The main types are Nitrogen and Phosphate guanos. Phosphate guano requires a calcareous subsoil for the development, while Nitrogen guano deposits are formed under special climatic conditions as the area of the subtropical-edge tropical high pressure belt with coastal deserts. Its formation is marked by cold and highly nutritious waters. The most significant nitrogen guano is the Peru-guano, which has been used over 2000 years as agricultural fertilizer in Peru. In Europe emerged the application of guano as fertilizer in 1840 as "guano boom" and lasted until the early 20th century when Guano was replaced by industrial manufactured fertilizers. Upon Guano residues are exploited almost completely the Peruvian government started the sustainable guano retrieval Guano currently produced is discharged at preferential prices to the Peruvian rural population. Only a small quantity is still exported to Europe as fertilizer enhancement. A niche product is bat guano, which occupies a special position. DOI:10.5073/JfK.2016.07.02, https://doi.org/10.5073/JfK.2016.07.02