Suchergebnisse

В статті розглянуто питання створення ефективної інфраструктури залізничного транспорту як пріоритетного напрямку держави. Відмічено, що для підвищення ефективності інфраструктури необхідно провести оснащення залізниць сучасними технічними засобами. Саме таким засобом є мікропроцесорні централізації. Досліджено переваги впровадження мікропроцесорних систем. Відзначено, що проблемним моментом їх впровадження є забезпечення і документальне підтвердження необхідного рівня їхньої якості. ; В статье рассмотрены вопросы создания эффективной инфраструктуры железнодорожного транспорта как приоритетного направления государства. Отмечено, что для повышения эффективности инфраструктуры необходимо провести оснащение железных дорог современными техническими средствами. Именно таким средством являются микропроцессорные централизации. Выделены преимущества внедрения микропроцессорных систем. Отмечено, что проблемным моментом их внедрения является обеспечение и документальное подтверждение необходимого уровня их качества. ; This article deals with the issues of creating an effective railway infrastructure as a priority policy direction. It is noted that infrastructure is a key factor in ensuring the competitiveness of the state economy. However, recent years have been characterized by a decline in the quality of the railway infrastructure in Ukraine.Infrastructure efficiency increase requires equipment of railways with modern technical means. This is precisely the means of microprocessor interlocking. The advantages of the introduction of microprocessor systems are highlighted. Among them, the main place belongs to the reduction of operating and capital costs, increasing reliability and safety, improving information interaction and improving working conditions. It is noted that the problem point of the introduction of microprocessor systems is securing and documentary confirmation of the required level of their quality. On the one hand, an imperfect system of products for the railway transport certification makes it difficult for manufacturers to obtain documents confirming compliance with quality, and also prevents the solution of issues of harmonization of Ukrainian legislation in terms of product certification with European standards. On the other hand, it increases the risk of low-quality products entering the market, which creates a threat to traffic safety in railway transport.The authors emphasize that certification of devices used for railway infrastructure plays an important role in ensuring the safety of railway transport. The infrastructure of railway transport, as an object of critical infrastructure, must be controlled by the state, and all devices used in it must be checked for compliance with the quality standards developed by the state. In this regard, it was proposed to strengthen the state control over the use of devices of the railway infrastructure. The more complex a particular device is, the more stringent quality standards must be. The task of the state should be to promote these standards in the chain of railway equipment suppliers, excluding unfair competition, and to monitor their strict observance.

1. Introduction to Cleanroom Technology -- The Need for Cleanrooms -- An Overview of Semiconductor Technology -- Other Cleanroom Applications -- The Impact of Cleanroom Technology -- 2. Microcontamination -- Types of Contamination -- Sources of Contamination -- Effects of Contamination -- Summary -- 3. Controlled Environment Concepts -- Performance Considerations -- Performance Standards -- Parameter Measurement -- Summary -- 4. Creating Clean Areas -- Construction Materials and Techniques -- Air Filtration -- Airflow -- Equipment and Material Decontamination -- Bringing Items into the Cleanroom -- Summary -- 5. Cleanroom Layout -- Mixed Flow Rooms -- Local Unidirectional Flow -- Modular Cleanrooms -- Tunnel Cleanrooms -- Total Vertical Laminar Flow -- Horizontal Laminar Flow -- Process Equipment -- Designing for Cleanroom Class -- Summary -- 6. Preconditioning, Control, and Static -- Air Handling Systems -- Fans and Air Control -- Static -- Summary -- 7. Site and Structural Considerations -- Vibration -- Site Selection -- Structure -- Internal Vibration Engineering -- Summary -- 8. Cleanrooms, Codes, and Legislation -- Principal Codes -- Fire Protection -- Legislation -- Summary -- 9. Ultrapure Water -- The Need for Ultrapure Water -- Constituents of Raw Water -- Purification Techniques -- RO/DI System Configurations -- Operational Considerations -- Summary -- 10. Production Materials -- Gases -- Wet Chemicals -- Handling Other Materials -- Summary -- 11. Personnel and Contamination -- Apparel -- Use of Apparel -- Work Practices -- Summary -- 12. Safety Issues -- Properties of Hazardous Production Materials -- Cleanroom Safety Practices -- Safety Equipment -- Handling Hazardous Production Materials -- Summary -- 13. The Future of Controlled Environments -- Advanced Cleanroom Concepts -- Enclosed Transfer Systems -- Robotics and Automation -- In-situ Processing -- Epilog—The Cleanroom as a System -- Appendix 1 Federal Standard 209D -- Appendix 2 Simplified Cleanroom Certification Procedure -- Appendix 3 Program and Sample Output.

Hybrid maize seed was the first commercially available F1 seed. Inbred lines serve as parents for commercial production of single-cross hybrid seed. Cooperation between seed companies, research institutes, and government institutions is essential to the successful development of productive hybrids. Commercial hybrid seed production requires proper ecological location, agronomic practices, pest and disease control. Additional elements necessary for a successful hybrid seed industry include seed handling, treatment, and packaging equipment and materials, appropriate seed storage environment, and an efficient seed distribution and marketing infrastructure. Seed production in the savanna is often better than in the forest area of sub-Saharan Africa. The role of governmental seed certification agencies is to test seed viability and purity and to issue certificates to seed companies for seed marketing.

Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Author -- List of Abbreviations -- Chapter 1: Introduction -- Chapter 2: History of Security Events -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Threat and the Use of Violence in Aviation -- 2.3 Murder at the Controls of an Aircraft -- 2.4 The Second World War, and the Immediate Period Thereafter -- 2.5 The Late 1950s and 1960s -- 2.6 The 1970s Onwards -- 2.7 Conclusions -- Chapter 3: Flight Data Recorders and Cockpit Voice Recorders -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Flight Instrument Recording -- 3.3 Certification and Flight Instrument Recording -- 3.4 Decoding Flight Instrument Data from Data Recorders -- 3.5 Conclusions -- Chapter 4: Flight Controls and Environmental Control Systems -- 4.1 Relevance of Flight Controls Air-Conditioning Systems and Commercial Aviation -- 4.2 Comparing the Underlying Philosophy of Flight Controls for Airbus and Boeing -- 4.3 Air-Conditioning Systems and Commercial Aviation -- 4.4 Conclusions -- Chapter 5: Use of Live Aircraft Data in Aircraft Maintenance Management -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Aircraft Maintenance Management and Its Commercial Importance -- 5.2.1 Maintenance Planning by the Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) -- 5.2.2 Unscheduled Maintenance -- 5.2.3 Minimum Standards of Equipment of Systems -- Master Minimum Equipment List -- 5.2.4 Component Reliability and Maintenance Strategy -- 5.2.5 Bathtub Curve for Reliability and Mathematical Predictions -- 5.3 Technical Components Combined with Data Logging -- 5.4 Live Streamed Data and Radio Communication Technologies -- 5.4.1 ACARS -- 5.4.2 British Airways Engineering Maintenance Management -- 5.5 Data Mining of Very Large Data Bases and Commercial Solutions to Predictive Maintenance -- 5.5.1 Rolls Royce Commercial Engines -- 5.5.2 Airbus, Palantir and Skywise.

Ukraine is an energy dependent country. The largest energy consumer in Ukraine is the household sector and industry. The technical characteristics of most existing serial buildings in Ukraine do not meet modern requirements for energy consumption. One of the tools to influence the reduction of consumption of construction resources is the introduction into the regulatory framework of requirements for improving energy efficiency. With the entry into force of the Law of Ukraine "On Energy Certification of Buildings", the development of an energy certificate has become mandatory for new buildings, state-owned buildings, local government buildings and in case of attracting public funds for thermal modernization of buildings. The energy certificate is developed by a certified energy auditor and entered into an open database in the Unified State System in the field of construction. The energy certificate contains an energy efficiency class determined by calculation according to the methodology of the national standard, which is developed taking into account European approaches to the calculation of energy consumption for different needs of buildings. The generalized analysis of the data from the available certificates is of considerable interest for estimating the characteristics of enclosing structures, engineering systems and equipment and the actual and estimated specific energy consumption of different types of buildings. In this study, the authors focused on the energy efficiency of new buildings (starting in 2019). The following indicators of residential and public buildings were analyzed: heat transfer resistance of external walls and translucent structures, specific energy consumption, primary energy, specific CO2 emissions, energy efficiency class. It was determined that the potential for energy savings compared to similar buildings in the European Union is significant, so improving the energy efficiency of the construction sector is an extremely important issue in Ukraine. ; Одним із інструментів впливу на зниження споживання ресурсів будівельного фонду є впровадження у нормативну базу вимог щодо підвищення рівня енергоефективності. Із вступом в дію Закону України «Про енергетичну сертифікацію будівель» розробка енергетичного сертифікату стала обов'язковою для нових будівель, будівель державної власності, будівель органів місцевого самоврядування та у випадку залучення державних коштів на їх термомодернізацію. Енергосертифікат розробляється атестованим енергоаудитором і вноситься у відкриту базу в Єдиній державній системі у сфері будівництва. Енергосертифікат містить клас енергетичної ефективності, визначений розрахунковим шляхом за методикою національного стандарту, що розроблено з урахуванням європейських підходів до розрахунків енергоспоживання на різні потреби будівель. Узагальнений аналіз даних з наявних сертифікатів становить значний інтерес для оцінювання характеристик огороджувальних конструкцій, інженерних систем і обладнання та фактичного і розрахункового питомого енергоспоживання різних типів будівель. У даному дослідженні увага авторів була зосереджена на показниках енергоефективності нових будівель (починаючи з 2019 року).

Intro -- FOREIGN POLICY OF THE UNITED STATES VOLUME 4 -- FOREIGN POLICY OF THE UNITED STATES VOLUME 4 -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- Chapter 1 AFGHANISTAN: NARCOTICS AND U.S. POLICY -- SUMMARY -- INTRODUCTION -- AFGHANISTAN'S OPIUM ECONOMY -- Current Production Statistics -- UNODC PROJECTIONS AND U.S. ASSESSMENTS, 20097 -- Obama Administration Strategic Review and Funding Requests -- ISSUES FOR CONGRESS -- Breaking the Narcotics-Insecurity Cycle -- Balancing Counterterrorism, Counterinsurgency, and Counternarcotics -- Defining the Role of the U.S. Military and ISAF -- Targeting and Enforcement -- Defense Authorization and the Provision of Equipment and Weaponry -- Alternative Livelihoods and Development -- Eradication -- Central Government and Governor-Led Eradication -- Manual or Aerial Herbicide-based Eradication -- Counternarcotics Assistance Certification and Reporting Requirements -- Certification Requirements -- Reporting Requirements -- BACKGROUND -- Opium and Afghanistan's War Economy -- Taliban Era -- Post-Taliban Resurgence -- ACTORS IN AFGHANISTAN'S OPIUM ECONOMY -- Farmers -- LAND OWNERS AND LABORERS -- CORRUPT OFFICIALS AND MILITIA -- Traffickers and Criminal Syndicates -- Taliban and Insurgent Groups -- OPIUM PROFITS AND AFGHANISTAN'S ECONOMIC RECOVERY -- TRAFFICKING AND CONSUMPTION MARKETS -- Trafficking to the United States -- Russia -- Western Europe -- REGIONAL SECURITY IMPLICATIONS -- Central and South Asia85 -- Tajikistan -- Pakistan -- Iran -- AFGHAN AND U.S. COUNTERNARCOTICS POLICIES -- Afghan Counternarcotics Policies, Programs, and Forces -- Bans, Prohibitions, and Policy Statements -- Institutions and Forces -- U.S. Policy Initiatives: The "Five-Pillar" Plan -- Public Information -- Judicial Reform -- Alternative Livelihood Development -- Interdiction -- Eradication -- CITED FIELD SURVEYS AND RESEARCH STUDIES -- End Notes.

INTRODUCTION: In the European Union, the process of controlling currently used medical devices is carried out and determined by legal provisions. The law stipulates that each entity responsible for using medical equipment must confirm its safety with an appropriate certificate issued by a notifying body. In Poland, the entity responsible for keeping records as to the withdrawn and suspended certificates, is the Office for Registration of Medicinal Products, Medical Devices, and Biocidal Products (URPL). Certification is required for all medical devices prior to their introduction onto the market and during their use. PURPOSE: The article presents data concerning the number of medical devices that failed to meet the certification criteria. METHODS: The research method is an analysis of available subject literature and a report on withdrawn and suspended certificates of medical devices in Poland. RESULTS: In the years 2014–2020, the notified bodies withdrew and suspended 13,354 certificates for medical devices, of which 9792 certificates were withdrawn, 2852 suspended and one falsified. CONCLUSION: The suspension or withdrawal of a certificate for medical devices due to the inefficiency, obsolescence, imprecision, or safety of the devices is an action that improves the safety of patients. Such action reduces the number of medical damages and the obligation to pay compensation to those injured.

Ships for drilling need to operate in the territorial waters of many different countries which can have different technical standards and procedures. For example, the European Union and European Economic Area EU/EEA product safety directives exclude from their scope drilling ships and related equipment onboard. On the other hand, the EU/EEA offshore safety directive requires the application of all the best technical standards that are used worldwide in the oil and gas industry. Consequently, it is not easy to select the most appropriate technical standards that increase the overall level of safety and environmental protection whilst avoiding the costs of additional certifications. We will show how some technical standards and procedures, which are recognized worldwide by the petroleum industry, can be accepted by various standardization bodies, and how they can fulfil the essential health and safety requirements of certain directives. Emphasis will be placed on the prevention of fire and explosion, on the safe use of equipment under pressure, and on the protection of personnel who work with machinery. Additionally considered is how the proper use of adequate procedures available at the time would have prevented three large scale offshore petroleum accidents: the Macondo Deepwater Horizon in the Gulf of Mexico in 2010; the Montara in the Timor Sea in 2009; the Piper Alpha in the North Sea in 1988.

International audience ; Ships for drilling need to operate in the territorial waters of many different countries which can have different technical standards and procedures. For example, the European Union and European Economic Area EU/EEA product safety directives exclude from their scope drilling ships and related equipment onboard. On the other hand, the EU/EEA offshore safety directive requires the application of all the best technical standards that are used worldwide in the oil and gas industry. Consequently, it is not easy to select the most appropriate technical standards that increase the overall level of safety and environmental protection whilst avoiding the costs of additional certifications. We will show how some technical standards and procedures, which are recognized worldwide by the petroleum industry, can be accepted by various standardization bodies, and how they can fulfil the essential health and safety requirements of certain directives. Emphasis will be placed on the prevention of fire and explosion, on the safe use of equipment under pressure, and on the protection of personnel who work with machinery. Additionally considered is how the proper use of adequate procedures available at the time would have prevented three large scale offshore petroleum accidents: the Macondo Deepwater Horizon in the Gulf of Mexico in 2010; the Montara in the Timor Sea in 2009; the Piper Alpha in the North Sea in 1988.

Understanding digital forensics -- Investigate process models -- Evidence management -- Understanding forensic readiness -- Define business risk scenarios -- Identity potential data sources -- Determine collection requirements -- Establish legal admissibility -- Establish secure storage and handling -- Enable targeted monitoring -- Map investigative workflows -- Establish continuing education -- Maintain evidence-based reporting -- Ensure legal review -- Accomplishing forensic readiness -- Appendices: A. Investigative process models -- B. Education and professional certifications -- C. Tool and equipment validation program -- D. Service catalog -- E. Cost-benefit analysis -- F. Building taxonomy -- G. Risk assessment -- H. Threat modeling -- I. Data warehouse introduction -- J. Requirements analysis -- K. Investigative workflow -- Templates: A. Test case document -- B. Investigator logbook -- C. Chain of custody tracking form -- D. Investigative final report -- E. Service catalog -- F. Business case document -- G. Net present value -- H. Threat/risk assessment report -- I. Data source inventory matrix -- J. Project charter document -- K. Requirements specification document.

Cover -- Title page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- 1 The Dental Profession -- 2 Vocational Trainees, Assistants and Associates -- 3 Setting up in Practice -- 4 Employing Staff -- 5 Stock Control -- 6 Equipment: Lease or Purchase? -- 7 Banking -- 8 Insurance -- 9 Book-keeping -- 10 Cash Flow Statements and Budgets -- 11 Computers in Dentistry -- 12 Sole Practitioners and Partnerships -- 13 Understanding Accounts -- 14 Personal Taxation -- 15 Business Taxation -- 16 Capital Allowance -- 17 Motor Cars -- 18 Capital Gains Tax -- 19 Inheritance Tax -- 20 Dental Health Schemes -- 21 National Insurance Contributions -- 22 Superannuation and Pensions -- 23 Value-Added Tax (VAT) -- 24 Laboratories -- 25 The Accountant, the Solicitor and Collecting Debts -- 26 Inland Revenue Investigations -- 27 Insolvency -- 28 Statistical Data -- Appendix 1 Software Systems with DPB Transmission Certification -- Appendix 2 Some Useful Addresses -- Appendix 3 Schedule D Changes -- Appendix 4 Abbreviations -- Appendix 5 Dental Health Schemes -- Index

International audience ; The energy performance of a building can be assessed using various indicators that will not give the same score. This study evaluates the performance of the French housing stock using several indicators based either on the energy level at which energy consumption is assessed (primary, final or useful), or on greenhouse gas emissions, or on the energy bill. An indicator calculated at each of the 3 stages of the energy chain allows a sequential approach to building performance: the "useful energy" level measures the performance of the thermal insulation of the envelope, the "final energy" level adds the consideration of the performance of equipment providing energy services, and the "primary energy" level combines the performance of energy sources. The paper focuses on the comparison of French (DPE, Diagnostic de Performance Energétique, French Energy Performance Certificate) and UK (EPC, Energy Performance Certificate) indicators. The European Union has widely disseminated the EPC for housing through the EPBD 2002/91/EC (Energy Performance of Buildings Directive, then revised in 2010 and 2018). Originally, with the exception of the number of seven energy classes, Member States were free to choose the details of the calculations of their "national" EPC. Most European countries including France-have chosen an absolute value scale to define performance ranges and a primary energy indicator for energy performance. The United Kingdom has chosen an indicator related to the energy bill and expressed on a standard scale. The impact of the different approaches proposed for evaluating the performance of the French housing stock is analysed. The relevance of the indicators is discussed according to two criteria: the nature of the actors to whom the evaluation is addressed (households, planners, politicians), and the objectives of the actions that the evaluation should guide (improving housing performance, reducing energy consumption, Green House Gas emissions (GHG), or energy bills). The results are ...

Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Table of Contents -- Foreword -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Author -- Introduction -- SECTION I: Planning and Execution in Level 3 -- Chapter 1 Management, Control, and Administration -- 1.1 Management -- 1.2 Project Control and Administration -- 1.2.1 Cost Control -- 1.2.2 Planning and Progress Control -- 1.2.3 Reporting -- 1.2.4 Document Control -- 1.3 Quality Management -- 1.4 Third Party and Authorities -- 1.4.1 Approvals and Certification -- 1.4.2 Permitting and Authorization -- 1.4.3 Other Third Parties -- 1.5 Insurance Specific to Work -- Chapter 2 HSE, Social, and Security -- 2.1 HSE Management and Organization -- 2.2 HSE at Site -- 2.3 HSE at Other Locations -- 2.4 Security -- Chapter 3 Services and Facilities to Owner -- 3.1 At Home Office of Contractor during Engineering and Procurement -- 3.2 Services at Site -- Chapter 4 Engineering -- 4.1 Detailed Engineering -- 4.1.1 Process Engineering -- 4.1.2 Flow Assurance Study -- 4.1.3 Safety Engineering -- 4.1.4 Mechanical Engineering for Rotating Equipment and Packages -- 4.1.5 Material Selection, Corrosion Management, and Surface Protection -- 4.1.6 Mechanical Engineering for Static Equipment -- 4.1.7 Piping Engineering and Layout -- 4.1.8 Instrumentation and Control System Engineering (ICSS) -- 4.1.9 Telecom and Electrical -- 4.1.10 Civil Works and Structural Engineering -- 4.1.11 Buildings and Architectural Foundations -- 4.1.12 HVAC Engineering -- 4.1.13 Pipelines Deliverables -- 4.1.14 Plant 3D Modeling -- 4.2 Procurement Engineering -- 4.2.1 Central Processing Facility (Main Plant) -- 4.2.2 Off-Site -- 4.3 Construction Engineering -- 4.3.1 Main Plant and General -- 4.3.2 Off-Site: -- 4.4 Pre-commissioning and Commissioning Engineering -- 4.5 Start-Up and Performance Tests Engineering.

Intro -- Advances in Human Factors and Ergonomics 2019 -- Preface -- Contents -- Building and Architecture -- Building as a Primary Means of Preventative Care. Postulate of Certification of Buildings Intended for Use by the Elderly in Multi-family Housing and Collective Housing -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Highlights of Modern House Design for the Elderly and Persons with Disabilities -- 3 Genesis of the Concept: Assessment Tools and Certifications -- 4 Environment Assessment Tool for Longevity (EATL) Philosophy -- 5 Environment Assessment Tool for Longevity (EATL) Objectives -- 6 EATL Research Methods -- 7 EATL Questionnaires -- 8 Case Studies -- 9 Conclusions -- References -- T-House in Shaping Sustainable Housing -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 T-House and Idea of the Modular Building -- 3 Urban Arrangements -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Ergonomics for Children -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Purpose of the Article -- 2 Discussion -- 2.1 Types of Children Parks and Playgrounds -- 2.2 Diversity and Activity -- 3 Safety -- 3.1 Equipment and Flooring -- 3.2 Safety - Structural and Material Solutions -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Reconstruction with a Change of Function - Ergonomics of the Hotel Environment -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Purpose of the Article -- 1.2 Scope and Method for the Research -- 2 Discussion -- 2.1 Case Studies -- 2.2 Development Possibilities -- 3 Conclusions -- References -- T-House. Shaping Ergonomic and Flexible Interiors in Modular Form Connected to Horticultural Therapy Zone -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 T-House and Architectural Idea of the Modular Building -- 3 Ergonomic and Flexible Interiors -- 4 Horticultural Therapy Zone -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Ergonomics of Sound in a Hotel Environment -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Aim and Scope -- 1.2 Definitions.

The need for centralized e-Government strategies and policies is a fertile ground for the development of e-Government Interoperability Frameworks (eGIFs). Integrated Information Systems and one-stop public services to citizens and businesses are heavily dependent on the resolution of the ever-expanding interoperability challenge and the satisfaction of public services' stakeholders. This can only be realistically addressed if the scope of eGIFs is widened, to include service composition and discovery, security standards, certification of public sites, as well as unified data models for achieving a common understanding of semantics at a syntax-independent level. The Greek eGIF presents a transition from paper-based specifications to a robust system that acts as a repository of systems, services, data schemas, certification tools and training material. This paper presents the objectives, the overall methodology and the architecture of the Greek eGIF, that meets today's demands for modelling, storing, managing and updating a vast number of eGovernmenl-related information. © 2008 IEEE.