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Indonesia is a multicultural and multireligious nation whose heterogeneity is codified in the state doctrine, the Pancasila. Yet the relations between the various social, ethnic, and religious groups have been problematic down to the present day, and national unity has remained fragile. In several respects, Christians have a precarious role in the struggle for shaping the nation. They are a small minority (about 9% of the population) in a country predominantly inhabited by Muslims; in the past they were interconnected in manifold ways with the Dutch colonial government; they exert great influence in economy and the military, and constitute the majority of the population in some parts of the so-called Outer Islands (such as Flores, Sumba, and Timor), which are characterized by an attitude fraught with ambivalence towards the state apparatus perceived as 'Javanese' and 'Muslim'. In the aftermath of the former president Suharto's resignation and in the course of the ensuing political changes – in particular the independence of East Timor – Christians were repeatedly discredited for allegedly posing a threat to Indonesian unity, and have been involved both as victims and perpetrators in violent regional clashes with Muslims that claimed thousands of lives. Since the beginning of the new millennium the violent conflicts have lessened, yet the pressure exerted on Christians by Islamic fundamentalists still continues undiminished in the Muslim-majority regions. The future of the Christians in Indonesia remains uncertain, and pluralist society is still on trial. For this reason the situation of Christians in Indonesia is an important issue that goes far beyond research on a minority, touching on general issues relating to the formation of the nation-state.

AbstractTax rates in 1931 still continued their upward climb, reports Mr. Rightor in this, the tenth, annual compilation and comparison of municipal tax burdens.

Eines der aktuellsten Probleme der Rechtsetzung in der EU ist die Abgrenzung der Anwendungsbereiche der Art. 290 und 291 AEUV. Diese Arbeit zeigt wie es möglich ist auf Grundlage demokratietheoretischer Überlegungen und einer umfangreichen Praxisbetrachtung zu einer rechtssicheren Abgrenzung zu gelangen und diesen Ansatz kohärent in das Gesamtsystem europäischer Rechtsetzung einzufügen. Sie widmet sich zudem weiteren damit zusammenhängenden Einzelfragen, etwa der Frage, welche Anforderungen an einen sogenannten Basisrechtsakt zu stellen sind, der zum Erlass von delegierten Rechtsakten und von Durchführungsrechtsakten ermächtigt. Insbesondere wird auch erforscht, welche Rolle heute Komitologieausschüsse, Expertengruppen und Agenturen der Europäischen Union in den Bereichen der Ausarbeitung und der Kontrolle delegierter Rechtsetzung in der EU spielen

Eines der aktuellsten Probleme der Rechtsetzung in der EU ist die Abgrenzung der Anwendungsbereiche der Art. 290 und 291 AEUV. Diese Arbeit zeigt wie es möglich ist auf Grundlage demokratietheoretischer Überlegungen und einer umfangreichen Praxisbetrachtung zu einer rechtssicheren Abgrenzung zu gelangen und diesen Ansatz kohärent in das Gesamtsystem europäischer Rechtsetzung einzufügen. Sie widmet sich zudem weiteren damit zusammenhängenden Einzelfragen, etwa der Frage, welche Anforderungen an einen sogenannten Basisrechtsakt zu stellen sind, der zum Erlass von delegierten Rechtsakten und von Durchführungsrechtsakten ermächtigt. Insbesondere wird auch erforscht, welche Rolle heute Komitologieausschüsse, Expertengruppen und Agenturen der Europäischen Union in den Bereichen der Ausarbeitung und der Kontrolle delegierter Rechtsetzung in der EU spielen

Persia in the Trans-Atlantic Context: From Nineteenth-Century British Imperial Literature to American Transcendental Embrace principally explores the battle over the "discursive formation" of Persia in the nineteenth century within a primarily intra-European "discourse," first with an overt emphasis on English works, and then from a trans-Atlantic perspective. This dissertation offers an analysis of the pivotal The Adventures of Hajji Baba of Ispahan (1824) and tries to demonstrate how the emergence of this book in the Imperial Century introduced a novel and politically-charged image of the Qajar Persia, altering the aesthetic, historical, literary, mystical and generally civilizational perceptions of Persia that dominated the Western "discursive" reservoir during the previous centuries. Contextualizing this work and many other secondary sources within the very elaborate networks of imperial strife, intrigues and alliances, I argue that the entity of Persia does not emerge as homogenously as expected, while certain modes of "dis-course" within the intra-European setting inhibits the realization of the British imperial "discursive" policy vis-à-vis the dwindling Imperial State of Iran. I then show how these alternative "discourses," with their deep roots in Germanophone intellectual circles, try to challenge and decenter the "discourse" that emerged from the British imperial enterprise with regard to the Sublime State of Persia, as its geo-political "Other." I will then show how this sympathetic mode of German "Orientalism," together with the British imperial "Orientalism," trickled across to the other side of the Atlantic and paved the way for the same battle in the New World over the same entity. I contend that the aesthetically and philosophically-charged modes of "discourse," however, could find a more fertile ground in the nineteenth-century New World, where, for instance, a figure like Ralph Waldo Emerson, the distinguished transcendentalist philosopher and poet, tried to introduce and appropriate many tenets of pre-Islamic and Islamic Persia for his own intellectual purposes. This has been shown through a close reading of Emerson's "Oriental" endeavors.

From the very outset of European expansion, scholars have been preoccupied with the impact of proselytization and colonization on non-European societies. Anthropologists such as Margaret Mead and Bronislaw Malinowski, who witnessed these processes at the beginning of the twentieth century while at the same time benefitting from the colonial structure, were convinced that the autochthonous societies could not possibly withstand the onslaught of the dominant European cultures, and thus were doomed to vanish in the near future. The fear of losing their object of research, which had just recently been discovered, hung above the heads of the scholars like a sword of Damocles ever since the establishment of anthropology as a discipline. They felt hurried to document what seemed to be crumbling away. Behind these fears there was the notion that the indigenous cultures were comparatively static entities that had existed untouched by any external influences for many centuries, or even millennia, and were unable to change. This idea was shared by proponents of other disciplines; in religious studies, for example, up to the late 1980s the view prevailed that the contact between the great world religions and the belief systems of small, autochthonous societies doomed the latter to extinction. However, more recent studies have shown that this assumption, according to which indigenous peoples have not undergone any changes in the course of history, is untenable. It became apparent that groups supposedly living in isolation have extensive contact networks, and that migration, trade, and conquest are not privileges of modern times. Myths and oral traditions bore witness of journeys to faraway regions, new settlements founded in unknown territories, or the arrival of victorious foreigners who introduced new ways and customs and laid claim to a place of their own within society.

Jeffrey Herf: Unerklärte Kriege gegen Israel: Die DDR und die westdeutsche radikale Linke, 1967–1989. Aus dem Englischen von Norbert Juraschitz, Göttingen: Wallstein 2019, 518 S., ISBN: 978-3-8353-3484-7, EUR 39,00. Besprochen von Philipp Graf.

The individual in international law — Human rights and freedoms — European Convention for Protection of — European Commission of Human Rights — Competence of Commission to investigate compatibility of a law with the Convention — Requirement that applicant has been victim of a violation of Convention — Exhaustion of local remedies (Article 26).

Gegenstand der Arbeit ist eine Analyse der Ereignisse, die der Erstürmung der Babri-Moschee von Ayodhya durch Aktivisten der hindu-fundamentalistischen Bewegung am 30. Oktober 1990 vorhergingen. Dabei wird eine Untersuchung all der am Konflikt beteiligten Parteien und Organisationen, ihre Geschichte, Strategien und Taktiken vorgenommen: VHP, BJS/BJP, RSS, moslemische Organisationen, Kongreßpartei, Janata Dal. Die Arbeit zeigt die Wandlungen im Hinduismus auf, die sich durch die Ayodhya-Kampagne ergaben und beschreibt deren religiöse Symbolik. Es werden die rechtlichen Aspekte des Problems der Babri-Moschee im unabhängigen Indien analysiert und die Möglichkeiten der Lösung des Konflikts hinterfragt. Die Arbeit verdeutlicht den Stellenwert der Problematik eingebettet in die Gesamtentwicklung des Landes und deren hauptsächlichen politischen Ideen seit dem Jahre 1947. ; The thesis analyses the events leading up to the storming of the Babri Mosque at Ayodhya by activists of the Hindu fundamentalist movement on 30th October 1990. In this context, all parties and organisations involved in the conflict, their histories, strategies and tactics are examined: Vishva Hindu Parishad, Bharatiya Jana Sangh/Bharatiya Janata Party, Rashtriya Svayamsevak Sangh, Muslim organisations, Indian National Congress, Janata Dal. The thesis demonstrates the changes within Hinduism revealed by the Ayodhya campaign and, in doing so, describes its religious symbolism. Legal aspects of the Babri Mosque issue in independent India are also analysed and possible scenarios of conflict resolution explored. The thesis illustrates the importance of the issue in the context of the country's overall development and its central political trends since 1947.