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Abstract: There are strong continuities between crowd theory, which flowered during the early twentieth century, and theories of populist mobilization. Elias Canetti's Crowds and Power (1960) bridges these two literatures. Canetti gives us two relatively underappreciated ideas—the sting of command and the impulse for survival—that explain how populist movements change over time. To demonstrate how Canetti's work speaks to theories of populism, I draw on my fieldwork in Caracas, Venezuela. Venezuela's Bolivarian Revolution was, arguably, the most progressive political movement of the twenty-first century, but it veered wildly off course. Crowd theory gives us tools to track this transformation. Rather than imagining that populist movements are vacuous from the outset, Canetti directs attention toward their animating grievances. This article considers how the grievances that fed the Bolivarian Revolution eventually consumed it; this is a modest attempt to understand how one of the most promising political movements in recent memory ended up such a long way from where it started.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the manner in which advocates of crowdsourcing reconfigure the classical sociological treatment of the crowd.Design/methodology/approachThe approach taken conceives of the semantics of crowd theorizing in three phases, each of which makes sense of the power dynamics between the elite and the crowd. In phases one and two, the crowd is conceptualized as a problem generator; in phase three, the crowd is depicted as a problem solver and innovator.FindingsThis paper provides a critical look at phase three crowd theorizing. It explores how, by ignoring the disruptive power dynamic, crowdsourcing generates a credible image of the crowd as an innovator and problem solver. The work concludes with a discussion of the implications of phase three crowd theorizing for researchers in sociology.Practical implicationsAdvocates of the wisdom of crowds, if interested in the sociological implications of their position, must attend to both the disruptive and costly implications of third phase crowd theorizing.Originality/valueThis paper maps the crowdsourcing process and places it in context. It argues that the distance between the classical social scientific treatment of the crowd is not nearly as great as crowdsourcing advocates would have one believe. Nevertheless, phase three crowd theorizing opens up sociologically relevant questions regarding the future portrayal of collective intelligence as a form of virtual property.

This paper provides empirical evidence on the dynamic relationship between inward foreign direct investment (FDI), economic growth and domestic investment in Korea for the period 1985‐1999. By employing a vector autoregression model and the innovations accounting techniques, we explore dynamic interactions between inward FDI, domestic investment and output. We find that FDI has some positive effects on economic growth, but its effects seem to be insignificant. On the other hand, economic growth is found to have statistically significant and highly persistent effects on the future level of FDI. Although FDI is exogenous contemporaneously, we find that FDI shows strong dynamic endogeneity to domestic macroeconomic conditions, which has not been uncovered in previous works. Our finding does not support the view that FDI crowds out domestic investment in Korea.

The exponential growth of online donations and use of social media in the past several years has revealed an innovative platform for artists seeking funding. No longer must one rely on the established financial resources of foundation grants and government funding and recent history has proven that those options are not as reliable as they may have been several years ago. This thesis examines the emergence of crowdfunding 1 as a successful option to finance project-based work. It provides a summary of crowdfunding's history and characteristics and details how the website, Kickstarter operates. It then compiles the theories that illustrate the structure of crowdfunding including networking theory, project creator accountability and platform sustainability and the effect of geography on funding decisions. It then provides an overview of the current state of crowdfunding and documents the success of the website Kickstarter specifically. The thesis then analyzes the financial support, gained on Kickstarter, of dance projects from a broad array of organization types in three Midwestern cities -- Chicago, IL; Minneapolis-Saint Paul, MN; and Columbus, OH -- providing a process to identify patterns of donor engagement. This study aims to highlight aspects that are necessary in cultivating longstanding relationships with donors on crowdfunding platforms. This thesis hopes to inform further study of virtual donor engagement and retention. 1 Wikipedia defines "crowdfunding" as "the practice of funding a project or venture by raising monetary contributions from a large number of people, typically via the Internet." Wikipedia acknowledges that there are three actors involved in the crowdfunding relationship: the initiator who proposes the idea or project, the individual or group who support the proposal, and the platform that brings them together. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowdfunding

The dramatic rise in online shopping means that the last mile delivery (LMD) task is becoming extremely important. However, last mile delivery faces many economic, social, and environmental challenges. A fast-growing innovative solution is Crowd Logistics Delivery (CLD). This study investigates how CLD is meeting these challenges in a rapidly emerging economy (Saudi Arabia). It uses semi-structured interviews to analyse CLD from the perspectives of multiple stakeholders, focusing on its implementation, benefits to different stakeholders, and its limitations. While the findings of this study broadly support the work of other studies in this area, it provides several new insights. It observed three different business models being used for CLD: B2B, B2C, and C2C. It identified the internal success factors of each business model, including registration, assigning orders, compensation, and the payment model. It revealed the motivations for stakeholders to use CLD as a last mile delivery solution, such as LMD-related benefits and the social impact on society. In addition, the study highlighted the four main challenges these CLD implementations face that impede their success: legislation, availability of supply/drivers, trust, and culture. These results add to the rapidly expanding field of CLD.

We examine the negative relationship between the rate of growth in credit and the rate of growth in output per worker. Using a panel of 20 countries over 25 years, we establish that there is a robust correlation: the higher the growth rate of credit, the lower the growth rate of output per worker. We then proceed to build a model in which this relationship arises from the fact that investment projects that are more risky have a higher return. As their borrowing grows more quickly over time, entrepreneurs turn to safer; hence, lower return projects, thereby reducing aggregate productivity growth. We take this theoretical prediction to industry‐level data and find that credit growth disproportionately harms output per worker growth in industries that have either less tangible assets or are more R&D intensive.

The critical challenges in today's world call for nothing short of a collective effort across business, government and civil society. The author delves into the complexities beneath tri-sector collaborations and explains why rigorous leadership training for cross-sector work is needed.

Intro -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Crowd Networks -- 1.2 Information Diffusion -- 1.3 Evolutionary Game Theory -- 1.4 About This Book -- References -- 2 Evolutionary Dynamics with Rational Users -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Graphical Evolutionary Game Formulation -- 2.3 Analysis of Homogeneous Network -- 2.3.1 Diffusion Dynamics and ESSs Over Uniform Degree Networks -- 2.3.2 Diffusion Dynamics and ESSs Over Non-uniform Degree Networks -- 2.4 Analysis of Heterogeneous Network -- 2.4.1 Theoretical Analysis for the Unknown User Type Model -- 2.4.2 Theoretical Analysis for the Known User Type Model -- 2.5 Simulations and Experiments -- 2.5.1 Simulations Over Homogeneous Network -- 2.5.2 Simulations Over Heterogeneous Network -- 2.6 Conclusions -- References -- 3 ``Irrational'' Behavior Analysis -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Evolutionary Game Theory -- 3.2.1 Strategy Updating Rules -- 3.2.2 Graphical Evolutionary Game Formulation -- 3.3 Theoretic Analysis -- 3.3.1 Evolutionary Dynamics of Type I Nodes -- 3.3.2 Evolutionary Dynamics of Type II Nodes -- 3.3.3 ESS Analysis -- 3.4 Simulation and Experiment Results -- 3.4.1 Synthetic Networks -- 3.4.2 Facebook Networks -- 3.4.3 Microblog Data Set -- 3.5 Conclusion and Future Work -- References -- 4 ``Smart'' Evolution with Indirect Reciprocity -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 System Model -- 4.2.1 Social Network Model -- 4.2.2 Payoffs and Fitness -- 4.2.3 Strategy Updating Rules -- 4.2.4 Social Norm -- 4.2.5 Reputation Updating Policy -- 4.3 Information Diffusion Model Based on Indirect Reciprocity -- 4.3.1 Analysis for Type i Rational Users -- 4.3.2 Analysis for Type ii Rational Users -- 4.3.3 Expectation of Reputation Values -- 4.4 Simulations and Experiments -- 4.4.1 Synthetic Networks -- 4.4.2 Real-World Data -- 4.5 Conclusion and Future Work.

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to develop an instrument to measure employer branding in the information age. Firms increasingly migrate from matter-intensive business models to information-intensive models, where value lies in information rather than the physical objects. This shift has, in turn, led to a change in employee work skills. This is particularly true in the information technology (IT) sector, where firms rely on a limited supply of skilled labor. Employer branding, a firm's reputation as a place to work, is an important strategy to attract and retain employees.


Design/methodology/approach
From the literature, the authors developed and refined an instrument to measure key value propositions of employer brands. The potential IT employees surveyed in the study were students enrolled in the disciplines of computer science and information systems at a comprehensive university in North America. The study went through three stages resulting in an instrument for psychometric properties.


Findings
This research revealed eight employer branding value propositions that future IT employees care about. These dimensions are important for both IT firms and industries competing for skilled IT labor to understand and manage.


Originality/value
This paper extends the work of Berthon et al. (2005) on employer branding to the information intensive age and particularly the IT sector. It allows executives to manage and measure their employer brand so as to maximize competitive advantage in attracting and retaining skilled employees.

This book illustrates the application of fractional calculus in crowd dynamics via modeling and control groups of pedestrians. Decision-making processes, conservation laws of mass/momentum, and micro-macro models are employed to describe system dynamics while cooperative movements in micro scale, and fractional diffusion in macro scale are studied to control the group of pedestrians. Obtained work is included in the Intelligent Evacuation Systems that is used for modeling and to control crowds of pedestrians. With practical issues considered, this book is of interests to mathematicians, physicists, and engineers

This book illustrates the application of fractional calculus in crowd dynamics via modeling and control groups of pedestrians. Decision-making processes, conservation laws of mass/momentum, and micro-macro models are employed to describe system dynamics while cooperative movements in micro scale, and fractional diffusion in macro scale are studied to control the group of pedestrians. Obtained work is included in the Intelligent Evacuation Systems that is used for modeling and to control crowds of pedestrians. With practical issues considered, this book is of interests to mathematicians, physicists, and engineers.

In 1895, the French polymath Gustave Le Bon published his seminal work, The Crowd: A Study of the Popular Mind, on the behaviour and danger of crowds. For decades after, Le Bon's theories influenced generations of politicians and their policies. Le Bon was influential at a time of rapid urbanisation, social upheaval and worker organisation. Social order was under threat and it was feared that "the masses" might break with patriarchy, social order and religion.

The informal nature of creative work is routinely acknowledged in the studies of creative labour. However, informality of creative work has been so far treated dualistically: firstly, as the informal governance of creative labour markets and secondly, as the ever-increasing informalization of creative workplaces. In contrast, this article argues for the importance of focusing on informal labour practices as infused in relational contexts so as to understand how creative workers uphold career sustainability and cope daily with contingent, insecure and underpaid work. Drawing on the relational work perspective from economic sociology, I contend that creative workers' informal labour practices and economic activities are constituted by the meanings and quality workers attach to interpersonal relations. The more socially and spatially intimate and closer the interpersonal relationship, the less the economic benefit. The more socially and spatially distant the relationship, the greater the pecuniary motivation. The article maps relational work dynamics in: (1) informal paid labour practices, comprising work under-the-radar of state authorities, such as cash-in-hand work including online crowd-work, tips-based work, and paid favours and (2) informal unpaid labour practices, practices happening in webs of reciprocity that are not directly compensated with money, such as barter, favour-swapping and voluntary work.