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Sept. 1, 1978. ; "Military publications." ; Supersedes DA Pam 310-3, June 1, 1977. ; Mode of access: Internet. ; 2

The aim of this article is to identify differences in doctrinal projection at the level of the North Atlantic Alliance. The article has been designed as a comparative study of the doctrinal projections specific to information operations (InfoOps), mainly with regard to the doctrines and operations manuals of the United States of America, as the originator of most of these documents, NATO doctrines and domestic doctrines. On an initial examination of the three doctrinal projections, it can be observed that there are differences in the InfoOps approach, both in terms of surface elements, recognized by identifiable markers, and differences in perspective, which allow and encourage interpretation. There is therefore a need to clarify the nature of InfoOps and its correct understanding from a conceptual and practical point of view, and to achieve coherence between the doctrines for information operations of NATO member states and the allied doctrine.

Intro -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Introduction -- Abstract -- 1 Forecast -- The Scientific Method -- Anomalies and Crisis -- Paradigms and Epicycles -- Experiments and Observations -- The Empires of the Times -- Determinism and the Butterfly Effect -- Probability and Many-Body Systems -- Forecasts and Decisions -- How Will the Weather Be Tomorrow? -- Extreme Weather Events -- Climate Changes -- Be Prepared for the Unexpected -- Spread of Diseases and New Virus -- Recurrences and Big Data -- Science, Politics and Forecasts -- References -- 2 Crisis -- Realism and Rigor -- The Queen's Question -- Which Crisis? -- There Will Be Growth in the Spring -- The Disappearance of the Time -- The Three Pillars of Equilibrium -- The Myth of Equilibrium -- Efficiency and Unpredictability -- Mathematics as Ornament -- One Hundred Years of Solitude -- Out of Equilibrium -- The Flight of Bird Flocks and the Market's Panic -- The Wild World of the Financial Markets -- Mathematical Monsters -- Paradigms and Predictions -- Economic Complexity -- The Neoclassical Dictatorship -- The Theft of a Successful Brand -- Economics Is Politics -- Cultural Hegemony -- Economics, Politics, Forecasts -- References -- 3 Research -- The Growth in Inequality -- The Techno-evaluation Era -- Evaluation and Creativity -- The Misunderstanding of Competition -- History Teaches but Does not Have Scholars -- The Time of the Great Navigators -- Physics' Woodstock -- Spaces to Make and Correct Mistakes -- Playing with a Sticky Tape -- Primes Takeaways -- Selecting Pink Diamonds -- The Scientific Forger -- Tip of the Iceberg? -- The Dogma of Excellence -- The 'Harvard Here' Model -- References -- 4 Politics -- The Basic Research at the Roots of Innovation -- Micro-Macro Hard Disks -- Applied Research and Applications of Basic Research.

2021 marks the 90th anniversary of the adoption of the Athens Charter. This, the first international conservation charter, now forms part of the rapidly expanding collection of 'doctrinal texts' which undergirds modern conservation. Whatever its strengths and weaknesses, this collection provides a marker of collective identity and is crucial to the self-definition of our discipline.
While they are rightly held in great affection, this paper argues that to approach this collection of texts uncritically risks producing unintended consequences, potentially including the destruction of important heritage. Precisely because of their enduring influence, it is essential that as a discipline conservation engages in knowledgeable criticism of its doctrinal texts, through an appropriate and hermeneutically literate reading.
This paper first considers the nature of doctrinal texts, before using the notion of 'doctrine' to explore some of the parallels and differences between doctrinal texts of a religious nature and those of conservation, and so to introduce the question of hermeneutics. This then leads to a discussion of the relation between theory and practice, and the notion, from Aristotle, of phronesis or practical wisdom. The paper then concludes with consideration of some of the implications conservation of adopting this approach.

Open Access ; International audience ; From being one of the biggest proponents of nonalignment to becoming a state aspiring to be a regional hegemon, India has gone through a huge doctrinal transformation in its strategic thinking. This paper addresses evolution of this transformation while detailing major military doctrines such as Nehru doctrine, Sunderji doctrine, Cold-Start doctrine, Indian Maritime doctrine, Indian Land Warfare doctrine, and Indian Joint Armed Forces doctrine. This continuous doctrinal transformation aims at seeking a more synchronized modernization of the military, creating synergy to fill operational gaps and enhance agility for swift manoeuvrability under a nuclear overhang. The study concludes that under the present BJP government, Nehruvian influence over Indian strategic thought has reduced significantly and therefore ultimately led to the design and adaptation of more hawkish strategies-such as Land-Warfare Doctrine 2018, hybrid warfare, surgical strike stratagem-which are contrary to the behaviour of a responsible nuclearweapon state. ; D'être l'un des plus grands partisans du non-alignement à devenir un État aspirant à être un hégémon régional, l'Inde a traversé une énorme transformation doctrinale dans sa réflexion stratégique. Cet article traite de l'évolution de cette transformation tout en détaillant les principales doctrines militaires telles que la doctrine Nehru, la doctrine Sunderji, la doctrine du démarrage à froid, la doctrine maritime indienne, la doctrine de la guerre terrestre indienne et la doctrine des forces armées interarmées indiennes. Cette transformation doctrinale continue vise à rechercher une modernisation plus synchronisée de l'armée, créant une synergie pour combler les lacunes opérationnelles et améliorer l'agilité pour une manœuvrabilité rapide sous un surplomb nucléaire. L'étude conclut que sous le gouvernement actuel du BJP, l'influence néhruvienne sur la pensée stratégique indienne s'est considérablement réduite et a donc finalement conduit à la ...

Science, intentionality, and historical background / David Woodruff Smith -- The Lebenswelt in Husserl / Dagfinn Føllesdal -- The origin and significance of Husserl's notion of the Lebenswelt -- Ulrich Majer -- Husserl on the origins of geometry / Ian Hacking -- The crisis as philosophy of history / David Carr -- Science, history, and transcendental subjectivity in Husserl's Crisis / Michael Friedman -- Universality and spatial form / Rodolphe Gasché -- Husserl, history, and consciousness / Eva-Maria Engelen -- Science, philosophy, and the history of knowledge : Husserl's conception of a life-world and Sellars's manifest and scientific images / Michael Hampe -- On the historicity of scientific knowledge : Ludwik Fleck, Gaston Bachelard, Edmund Husserl / Hans-Jörg Rheinberger -- Foucault, Cavaillès, and Husserl on the historical epistemology of the sciences / David Hyder -- Concepts, facts, and sedimentation in experimental science / Friedrich Steinle

chapter 1 Introduction: History and Impact of the Idea of Progress -- chapter 2 Whig History and the Progressive Society -- chapter 3 Enlightenment Progress and the Cosmopolitan Society -- chapter 4 Progress by Reduction and the Totalitarian Temptation -- chapter 5 Historicism, Relativism, and the Open Society -- chapter 6 Where We Are Now: Technology and Culture -- chapter 7 Philosophy, Progress, and Cosmology -- chapter 8 Cosmology and Human Existence -- chapter 9 Conclusion: Crisis, Time, and the Choice.

The COVID 19 pandemic, which dragged on for more than two years, led to large-scale shifts in the major sectors of the world economy and affected the S&T sphere. The paper considers the main factors that have influenced innovative development, the choice of S&T priorities by major countries and corporations, as well as the crisis phenomena aggravated in the S&T sphere. It shows the growth of research and development costs in a narrow group of corporations in the biopharmaceutical and information and communication sectors with stagnating costs in other sectors, the large-scale growth of publication activity, the uneven growth of tax incentives from the states, the importance of "open innovations" in modern science. It is noted that the intensity of researches and developments all over the world grew in 2020–2021 even in those companies where the total expenses on science and innovations decreased, thus the consequences of the crisis will be appreciable up to the end of the current decade. Legislative innovations in the technological sphere in the USA were especially noted, comparative estimations with innovative development of China were carried out, and the prospects of technological confrontation between the two countries were outlined. The questions of tax stimulation of innovative activity and ambiguity of definition of expenses on research and development in corporations of information-communication industry were also considered. The trends in the most science-intensive industry, biotechnology and pharmaceuticals, which occupies the first place in the world both in terms of spending on science and innovation, and the number of highly qualified jobs, are considered separately. The processes holding back the industry that could not be overcome during the pandemic are shown. Given the fundamental importance of patenting (a strict intellectual property control regime), initiatives to relinquish some of the rights to medicines (including vaccines) associated with the coronavirus and weaken the intellectual property protection regime in the next decade look unpromising. By the end of 2022, we should expect a decline in investor interest in vaccines and a return to the traditional focus of industry companies on rare diseases and the development of drugs against them.