Suchergebnisse

It is generally agreed that the artistic world of eighteenth-century Brazil was dominated by the sculptor/architect, Antônio Francisco Lisboa—"O Aleijadinho" ("the little cripple")—who has been called one of the most important artists ever to develop in Latin America. The peculiar circumstances of his life, combined with his obvious artistic genius, have resulted in considerable scholarly interest and study. The annotated bibliography that brought Aleijadinho scholarship from 1940 through 1973, in combination with the earlier bibliographies of Martins and Smith-Wilder, provides a relatively complete chronicling of works dealing exclusively with A. F. Lisboa.

Leery bedfellows : Newton and Leibniz on the status of infinitesimals / Richard Arthur -- Infinity, infinitesimals, and the reform of Cavalieri : John Wallis and his critics / Philip Beeley -- Indivisibilia vera : how Leibniz came to love mathematics. Appendix : Leibniz's marginalia in Hobbes' Opera philosophica and De corpore / Ursula Goldenbaum -- Indivisibles and infinitesimals in early mathematical texts of Leibniz / Siegmund Probst -- Archimedes, infinitesimals and the law of continuity : on Leibniz's fictionalism / Samuel Levey -- An enticing (im)possibility : infinitesimals, differentials, and the Leibnizian calculus / O. Bradley Bassler -- Productive ambiguity in Leibniz's representation of infinitesimals / Emily Grosholz -- Generality and infinitely small quantities in Leibniz's mathematics : the case of his arithmetical quadrature of conic sections and related curves / Eberhard Knobloch -- Leibniz's calculation with compendia / Herbert Breger -- Nieuwentijt, Leibniz, and Jacob Hermann on infinitesimals / Fritz Nagel -- Truth in fiction : origins and consequences of Leibniz's doctrine of infinitesimal magnitudes / Douglas Jesseph -- Rule of continuity and infinitesimals in Leibniz's physics / François Duchesneau -- Leibniz on infinitesimals and the reality of force / Donald Rutherford -- Dead force, infinitesimals, and the mathematicization of nature / Daniel Garber

In the 18 th century the general economic crisis in the Safavid state led to political decline. The pressure of the Shiite clergy under Shah Sultan Hussein aroused the outrage of the Sunni minority in the border regions, in particular, the Ghilzai Afghans in Kandahar, which ended in 1722 with their capture of the capital of the Safavid state, Isfahan. By this time, the central and eastern regions were in the hands of the Afghan tribes, the Caspian regions - in Tsarist Russia, and Azerbaijan, Shirvan and adjacent regions - in the Ottoman Empire. The Safavid prince Tahmasib, who fled from the besieged capital, declared himself the rightful ruler of Iran - Shah Tahmasib II (pr. 1722-1732). The revival of the national spirit began in 1726 when Nadir Quli Khan from the Turkic tribe Afshar joined the Takhmasib Shah. The army under the leadership of Nadir, by the end of 1729, having won a victory over the Afghans in three decisive battles, conquered Isfahan, in 1730 began the liberation of Azerbaijan from the Ottoman Turks and in 1732 - the Caspian regions from the Russian troops. By 1736, the territory of the Safavid state was completely cleared of foreign invaders.

Introduction. The introduction of monopoly is associated with the minister of finance S.Y. Vitte, who initiated an active reforming activity during the economic modernization of the country. The current article analyzes social and economic consequences of introducing the wine monopoly assessed by the contemporaries of S.Y. Vitte. This was one of the most complicated and controversial reforms in term of acceptance by the society, which raised opposite assessments, including ones with regard to Vitte himself. Notwithstanding the above, it became a part of the "Vitte's Program" aimed at the creation of the national industry during the country's economic modernization. In this context the monopoly solved an important problem, in particular, it helped to search and attract funds inside the country in order to solve the set targets, which caused controversial reaction in the society. A number of prominent state and social officials as well as famous economic scientists spoke about its implementation. Methods and materials. The author analyzed different points of view expressed by such officials as: M.M. Kovalevskiy, I.H. Ozerov, P.P. Migulin, N.A. Velyaminov, N.I. Fridman, M.N. Kulomzin, A.F. Koni, P.L. Bark, V.N. Kokovtsov, P.H. Shvanebach, L.D. Hodskiy and others, who gave their estimation of social and economic consequences of introduction of the wine monopoly, as well as the role of Vitte in its development, implementation and social and economic consequences, in their publications, articles, reminiscences and memoirs. Basic methods of research used in the article are historical and genetic and comparative historical. They allow assessing general and specific issues in the approaches and assessments of the completed reform. Analysis. Although the necessity of the monopoly introduction was discussed in the Government long before Vitte, his predecessors at the position of the minister of finance have not decided to make this step, as they understood the reaction, which will be caused in the society due to its introduction. Indeed, after the monopoly has been introduced, a number of prominent state and social activists expressed their opinion about the necessity of its introduction, the role of Vitte in its development and implementation as well as about the social and economic consequences of this reform. Among the liberal circles the estimations were mostly of a critical nature. Having admitted that the excise system was not able to eliminate alcoholism and that the organization of alcoholic industry needed serious reforms, liberal mass media of that period did not anchor any hopes on the improvement of the industry with the official trade. However, the analysis of the reform made among its developers as well as certain scientific and social actors was more balanced and objective. Results. Therefore, the reform of drinks (wine monopoly), which was introduced by Vitte in 1894 and existed almost till the beginning of the First World War was controversially assessed by its contemporaries and, as it was shown during the conducted research, often the reason for this was the attitude to Vitte himself. The critics of Vitte, as a rule, did not take into account that by introducing the monopoly he defended mostly the interests of the state and after his resignation he was no longer personally responsible for its final results. In this regard, the last minister of finance of the Russian Empire, P.L. Bark, who replaced the monopoly during the First World War with the nonalcohol law, in his memoirs highly appraised the role of Vitte in the development and implementation of the reform and considered it quite reasonable in the relevant historical conditions. Most of the contemporaries agreed that the introduction of the monopoly helped to significantly increase the cash flow to the budget, at that, the monopoly failed to solve the second important goal, which is the decrease of alcoholism level among peasants – major part of the empire's population. The advantage of the reform, which almost nobody challenges, is the significant increase of the quality of consumed product.

Explores how one early medieval poet survived and thrived amidst the political turbulence of sixth-century Merovingian Gaul, and how the language of friendship shaped beliefs and behaviours, leading to social cohesion even within kingdoms repeatedly wracked by civil wars.

Review

The paper deals with the perception of turn-of-the-twentieth-century-New York City by two outstanding New Yorkers of that time—Theodore Roosevelt and Jacob Riis. Both made their mark in the history of the city. For both of them New York was a launch pad for their careers. Roosevelt and Riis completed comprehensive research works on the history of contemporary New York. The paper analyses their major works: Roosevelt's "New York: a sketch of the city's social, political, and commercial progress from the first Dutch settlement to recent times" and Riis' "How the Other Half Lives." ; The paper deals with the perception of turn-of-the-twentieth-century-New York City by two outstanding New Yorkers of that time—Theodore Roosevelt and Jacob Riis. Both made their mark in the history of the city. For both of them New York was a launch pad for their careers. Roosevelt and Riis completed comprehensive research works on the history of contemporary New York. The paper analyses their major works: Roosevelt's "New York: a sketch of the city's social, political, and commercial progress from the first Dutch settlement to recent times" and Riis' "How the Other Half Lives."

Annual student essay contest endowed by Philip L. Carret aimed at having Elon University students reflect on the ideals and principles embodied in Thomas Jefferson's life and career. Top four prize-winning student essays from the competition based on the following topic: Looking back almost two hundred years, evaluate Thomas Jefferson's presidency from the perspective of a United States citizen at the beginning of the nineteenth century.