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Following Kuhn, it is proposed that there are two major paradigms for the study of social cognition. The first and most traditional paradigm relies on single-subject designs, and is therefore limited to the study of subjective phenomena. It prescribes that subjects 'responses be kept independent, and treats any interdependence in these responses as a statistical nuisance. In contrast, the second paradigm relies on dyadic and small group designs and addresses both subjective and intersubjective phenomena It prescribes that the naturally occurring interdependence in the subjects' responses be preserved and studied as an important set of phenomena in their own right. This second, intersubjective paradigm may be especially conducive to the integration of research on social cognition with research on social interaction and group dynamics.

This clearly-written book provides an introduction to a cognitive-ecological approach to counselling and clinical practice. The authors examine theoretical underpinnings and key components, and discuss the strengths and limitations of the approach. They present examples that show practitioners how the model can enhance work with clients and apply it to relevant stages of practice - including assessment, goal setting and intervention planning

AbstractThe literature points toward a limited understanding regarding the relationship between managers' cognition and their environmental behavioral intentions. Using behavioral reasoning theory, this study examines the relationships between managers' cognition and their behavioral intentions toward environmental initiatives. Data was collected from 256 managers working in manufacturing firms in India and modeled by structural equation modeling. The modeling of data suggests that managers' reasoning for and against energy‐saving initiatives is positively associated with their self‐enhancement values (SEV) and negatively with their self‐transcendence values (STV). Managers' reasoning regarding the energy‐saving initiatives fully and positively mediates the manifestation of SEV into their positive attitude toward energy saving. The same reasoning fully and negatively mediates the relationship between STV and the attitude toward energy‐saving initiatives. Industry experience of the managers also strengthens the relationship between their values and their "reasoning for" energy‐saving initiatives. The study also offers directions for future research and consequent implications.

Abstract

Objective
Social connectedness is a modifiable lifestyle factor that delays age-related cognitive decline. Using cross-sectional, longitudinal, and experimental approaches, we examined whether theory of mind – inferring what others think or feel – is a potential mechanism underlying this relationship.


Methods
In Study 1, 305 community-dwelling older adults participating in two different, but related, studies completed comprehensive measures of general cognition, theory of mind, and personal social networks. We examined whether theory of mind mediated the relationship between older adults' social connectedness and cognition. 110 of those participants completed follow-up social network interviews and cognitive assessments about 1.5 years later to determine whether baseline social connectedness and theory of mind predicted cognitive change. In Study 2, 55 other older adults completed a procedural discourse task targeting a close and distant network member. We predicted that higher theory of mind would be reflected through providing more details to distant, versus close, others, especially among older adults with larger, less interconnected, personal social networks.


Results
Results revealed that theory of mind accounted for 32% of the relationship between social connectedness and overall cognition, even when covarying age, gender, education, and a control task. The effects were particularly robust for episodic memory and language. Longitudinal analyses replicated this pattern. In Study 2, older adults with larger, less dense social networks provided more details to distant versus very close network members.


Discussion
Together, these results suggest that theory of mind may provide the mechanism through which social connectedness confers cognitive resilience associated with slower cognitive decline.

And conclusionReferences; Further Reading; Chapter Four: Impact of social cognitive deficits on community functioning; Introduction; Community functioning in schizophrenia; Independent living; Social functioning; Work functioning; Factors affecting community functioning in schizophrenia; Impact of social cognitive deficits on competence and real world behavior in schizophrenia; Impact of social cognitive domains on community functioning in schizophrenia; Theory of Mind; Emotion processing; Empathy; Attributional style; Social perception; Conclusions

Copyright © 2021 Valera-Bermejo, De Marco, Mitolo, Cerami, Dodich and Venneri. Impairment of social cognition (SC) skills such as recognition and attribution of intentions and affective states of others (Theory of Mind, ToM) has been evidenced in Alzheimer's Disease (AD). This study investigated the neuropsychological, neuroanatomical and brain-functional underpinnings of SC processing to obtain an understanding of the social neurophenotype in early probable AD. Forty-six patients with mild cognitive impairment and mild probable AD underwent SC assessment including emotion recognition (Ekman-60-faces task) and cognitive and affective ToM (Reading-the-Mind-in-the-Eyes test and Story-based Empathy task). Linear models tested the association between SC scores and neuropsychological measures, grey matter maps and large-scale functional networks activity. The executive domain had the most predominant association with SC scores in the cognitive profile. Grey matter volume of the anterior cingulate, orbitofrontal, temporoparietal junction (TPJ), superior temporal, and cerebellar cortices were associated with ToM. Social cognition scores were associated with lower connectivity of the default-mode network with the prefrontal cortex. The right fronto-parietal network displayed higher inter-network connectivity in the right TPJ and insula while the salience network showed lower inter-network connectivity with the left TPJ and insula. Connectivity coupling alterations of executive-attentional networks may support default mode social-cognitive-associated decline through the recruitment of frontal executive mechanisms. ; European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007 – 2013) under grant agreement no. 601055, VPH-DARE@IT; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT), Mexico.

This introductory textbook provides a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of the main issues in contemporary philosophy of social cognition. It explains and critically discusses each of the key philosophical answers to the captivating question of how we understand the mental life of other sentient creatures.Key Features:* Clearly and fully describes the major theoretical approaches to the understanding of other people's minds.* Suggests the major advantages and limitations of each approach, indicating how they differ as well as the ideas they have in common.* Tests each philosophical theory against the best available empirical data from psychology, neuroscience and psychopathology.* Includes suggestions for additional reading and practice study questions at the end of each chapter.Philosophy of Social Cognition is essential reading for all undergraduate and graduate students taking introductory courses on social cognition. It is also ideal for courses on cognitive neuroscience, social psychology and sociological theory