Suchergebnisse

During the past decade, tobacco leaf production has shifted from high-income countries to developing countries, particularly those in Africa. Most African governments promote tobacco farming as a way to alleviate poverty. The economic benefit of tobacco farming has been used by the tobacco industry to block tobacco control policies. The tobacco industry is active in promoting the alleged positive aspects of tobacco farming and in "protecting" farmers from what they portray as unfair tobacco control regulations that reduce demand. Tobacco farming has many negative consequences for the health and wellbeing of farmers, as well as for the environment and the long-term wellbeing of the country concerned.1-3 We provide an overview of tobacco farming issues in Africa. Encompassing multi-dimensional issues of economic development, there is far more to it than tobacco control questions.

In previous studies (see e.g., Liden, Sparrowe, & Wayne, 1997; Schyns & Croon, 2006; Volmer, Niessen, Spurk, Linz, & Abele, 2011), leader-member exchange (LMX) has been shown to be related to positive outcomes. However, little attention has been paid to the relationship
between LMX and negative organizational behaviors such as unethical behavior. In this study we investigated 249 Chinese managers in 4 different finance companies in China, and found that there is a mediating effect of job satisfaction on the negative relationship between LMX and unethical
behavior.

Specialized intervention programs for people with concurrent severe mental illness and substance abuse reduce the total costs of care. Compared to baseline, cost savings of over 40% were achieved by 18 months, primarily due to significant reductions in the use of acute and subacute mental health services and despite an increase in outpatient mental health services. There also was an observable impact on cost reductions in medical and criminal justice services without an increase in family costs over the same time period.