Suchergebnisse

Considers a specific research project, namely giant clam farming

AbstractEvidence on the performance of development projects shows that sustainability is seldom achieved. Project sustainability is influenced by ecological, social, political and economic systems. However, the blueprint approach to project choice tends to incorporate sustainability into the project cycle by considering only economic and environmental systems. This is done by adopting elaborate methodologies such as expanded CBA and EIA. This approach is unlikely to lead to sustainable projects. The 'participation approach' is more sensitive to the social and political systems than the blueprint approach. It involves people in decision‐making and sees the achievement of sustainable projects as the result of people's empowerment and self‐reliance. However, under certain circumstances, this approach can lead to environmentally unsustainable projects. Smaller scale projects tend to bring about sustainability, but government control might be needed to ensure this. Social obstacles exist in implementing participation but occur for top‐down projects as well. Problems exist in combining the bottom‐up and top‐down approaches.

Entwicklungsprojekte sind meistens nicht "nachhaltig", nicht "sustainable". Das gilt mit Akzentunterschieden für beide hier behandelte Herangehensweisen, den "blueprint approach" und den "participation approach". Auch die Forderung nach einer Kombination von "top-down"- mit "bottom-up"-Strategien wird als unzureichend, weil zu simpel, beurteilt. Entscheidend und sehr diffizil ist es, jeweils im Einzelfall das richtige Verhältnis zwischen "top-down" und "bottom-up" festzulegen. Auch eine weitere, verbreitete Vorstellung, daß nämlich kleindimensionierte Projekte hinsichtlich ihrer "sustainability" günstiger abschnitten, wird als so generell nicht haltbar abgelehnt. (APAF-Glz)

Changes under the Mugabe government, principally giving greater financial support to private schools, including mission schools.

ABSTRACTThe Poirier kinked exponential method as used by Boyce (1986) is adopted to examine changes in the Bangladeshi crop sector in the 1947–84 period using aggregate time series data. This is claimed to be a superior approach to earlier ones and it is the first time that non‐cereal food crops have been given extensive consideration. Growth rates in output of major crops as well as commodity groups are estimated for various sub‐periods with special emphasis on the changes in the period following the Green Revolution. The paper identifies a comparative 'crowding out' of non‐cereal crop production as well as other food sources, e.g. fisheries, following the Green Revolution. On the whole, increased cereal production has been absorbed by rising population with per capita availability remaining roughly constant. The availability per capita of pulses, fruits and spices has fallen markedly in the post‐Green Revolution period and on average per capita availability of vegetables has fallen. Furthermore, per capita protein content (both vegetable and animal) of the Bangladeshi diet has declined. The average Bangladeshi diet now appears to be less varied and balanced and a priori less nutritious with adverse welfare implications. Expansion of rice and wheat production has been at the expense of other sources of food such as pulses, fruit, vegetables and fish.

The bulk of analytic/empiricalliterature following the 'Green
Revolution' contends that agricultural labour absorption in most, if not
all, contemporary Asian countries is likely to follow the historical
pattern of East Asia, especially Taiwan and Japan. This paper examines
the relevance of East Asian experience for increased labour intensity in
agriculture in Bangladesh in the post-'Green Revolution' period. Using
labour coefficient data for a wide range of crops, the analysis is
carried out on an annual basis as well as for crop seasons. Observed
pauerns are analysed and likely determinants are identified. The
findings of the paper indicate limited relevance of the East Asian
experience to Bangladesh, and highlight for South Asia the importance of
examining seasonal differences in labour absorption.

Recent studies have examined the relationship between agrarian change and rural poverty in LDCs concentrating on either exchange or non-exchange income. Neither approach employed independently is, however, adequate. Bangladeshi evidence is presented of growing concentration of control of land, of components of new agricultural technology and of ancillary resources. Increasing incidence of landlessness and near landlessness has resulted in greater dependence on wage employment for subsistence by rural poor. (DÜI-Sen)

Effect of various factors on the increasing dependence on wage employment for subsistence by the poor. Analyzes the distribution and ownership of land, landlessness, concentration and control of resources, and sources of market and nonmarket income.