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Human rights currently constitute an issue of great concern. Several conditions, resulting from cumulative postwar developments and the current political situation, account for the present change in attitude toward human rights. They are (1) institutional developments of the past forty years; (2) the growth of citizen human rights organizations; (3) decline in superpower involvement in international and regional military conflicts; (4) the current focus of national leaders on human rights; and (5) significant political changes in the most abusive nations. This article focuses on the change in the conceptualization of human rights in Latin America and the Soviet Union and the current priority given in these areas to the issue of human rights. It also focuses on the utility of the human rights issue for these countries. The dynamics in the human rights arena have changed in the 1980s, but there is no guarantee that the present conditions will continue.

The emergence of human rights as an issue since WWII is charted, & international action on human rights discussed. Cultural differences in the conceptualization of human rights are considered, & the changes in these conceptualizations, particularly in the USSR & Latin America, are discussed. It is argued that the growing recognition of human rights has made it difficult for a regime to mistreat its citizens & continue to participate in the international community. It is hoped that this increasing consciousness, although it may not endure, will preclude a return of severe repression & genocide. In Questions and Answers, Shelley responds to questions posed by discussants. F. S. J. Ledgister

Vor dem Hintergrund von Gorbacevs Glasnost-Kampagne beschreibt die Autorin - auf der Basis von Interviews mit emigrierten sowjetischen Richtern, Beschreibungen in der Samizdat-Literatur und Informationen aus der sowjetischen Presse - anhand einer Fülle von Beispielen die Stellung der Gerichte in der UdSSR. Sie konstatiert, daß die Gerichte neben der Strafverfolgung auch eine Funktion auf dem Felde von persönlichen Fehden, politischer Rivalität und bei ideologischen Konflikten haben, wo sie zur Durchsetzung von Machtinteressen mißbraucht werden. In einer Schlußbemerkung weist die Verfasserin auf die systemstabilisierende Wirkung der Gerichte hin, da sie in ihren oft nicht sachlich, sondern machtpolitisch motivierten Urteilen das Hierarchie- und Machtgebäude des sowjetischen Systems verdeutlichen und stärken. (BIOst-Jhn)

Selektiv aus dem Inhalt: + - Sowjetische Kriminologie + - Sowjetische Sozial- und Bevölkerungspolitik + - Die Straffälligen und Verbrechensrate + - Kriminalität in der Stalin-Ära + - Gegenwärtige Straftatbestände + - Straftaten nach der Oktoberrevolution

Since the beginning of research on human trafficking, there has been attention paid to the challenges surrounding the illicit economy. In creating new strategies and initiatives on combatting human trafficking, there needs to be more discussion surrounding the legitimate economy and how the business sector can make an impact in the fight against trafficking. Currently, there is a growing movement of businesses that are looking to address human trafficking through training, education, and leadership initiatives; codes of conduct; supply chain management; and financial analysis. This paper will examine the latest in these strategies and approaches by businesses in the global war against human trafficking, in addition to a discussion of a new initiative engaging the private sector co-led by Dr. Louise Shelley and Christina Bain through the World Economic Forum's Global Agenda Council Network.