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Chronic communal conflicts often embody prisoner's dilemmas. Both communities prefer peace to war. Yet neither trusts the other, viewing the other's gain as its loss, so potentially shared interests often go unrealized. Achieving positive-sum outcomes from apparently zero-sum struggles requires a particular kind of risk-embracing leadership. To succeed leaders must (a) see power relations as potentially positive-sum, (b) strengthen negotiating adversaries when tempted to weaken them, and (c) demonstrate hope for a positive future and take great personal risks to achieve it. Such leadership is exemplified by Nelson Mandela and F. W. de Klerk in the South African democratic transition. To illuminate the strategic dilemmas Mandela and de Klerk faced, we examine the work of Robert Axelrod, Thomas Schelling, and Josep Colomer, who highlight important dimensions of the problem but underplay the role of risk-embracing leadership. Finally we discuss leadership successes and failures in the Northern Ireland settlement and the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.

Los conflictos comunitarios cronicos encaman dilemas del prisionero. Ambas comunidades prefieren la paz sobre la guerra. Pero ninguna confia en la otra pues ve la ganancia de la otra como una perdida para si, por lo cual con frecuencia los potenciales intereses compartidos no son nunca realizados. Obtener resultados de suma positiva de luchas que en apariencia son de suma cero requiere un tipo particular de liderazgo dispuesto a asumir riesgos. Para ser exitosos, los lideres deben: a) ver las relaciones de poder como relaciones que potencialmente son de suma positiva; b) fortalecer a los adversarios con quienes negocian siempre que tengan la tentacion de debilitarlos; y c) demostrar esperanza en un futuro positivo y tomar grandes riesgos personales para conseguirlo. Un liderazgo tal es ilustrado por Nelson Mandela y F. W. de Klerk en la transicion democratica sudafricana. Para iluminar los dilemas que enfrentaron Mandela y de Klerk, examinamos el trabajo de Robert Axelrod, Thomas Schelling y Josep Colomer, quienes resaltan dimensiones importantes del problema pero minimizan el rol del liderazgo que esta dispuesto a asumir riesgos. Finalmente discutimos los exitos y fracasos del liderazgo en el acuerdo de paz de Irlanda del Norte y en el conflicto israeli-palestino Chronic communal conflicts embody prisoner's dilemmas. Both communities prefer peace to war. But neither trusts the other, viewing the other's gain as its loss, so potentially shared interests often go unrealized. Achieving positive-sum outcomes from apparently zero-sum struggles requires a particular kind of risk-embracing leadership. To succeed leaders must: a) see power relations as potentially positive-sum; b) strengthen negotiating adversaries when tempted to weaken them; and c) demonstrate hope for a positive future and take great personal risks to achieve it. Such leadership is exemplified by Nelson Mandela and F. W. de Klerk in the South African democratic transition. To illuminate the strategic dilemmas Mandela and de Klerk faced, we examine the work of Robert Axelrod, Thomas Schelling, and Josep Colomer, who highlight important dimensions of the problem but underplay the role of risk-embracing leadership. Finally we discuss leadership successes and failures in the Northern Ireland settlement and the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Adapted from the source document.

Traditionally, human cadavers and porcine tissue have been used as means to replicate elements of the human body; however, because of the differences in biomechanical properties from the porcine limbs/organs and the potential for degradation of mechanical properties caused by ageing, they do not provide accurate material for either lethality or survivability assessment. In the 21st century and with more ethical ways of working being employed, the use of soft tissue analogues to undertake ballistic testing has become routinely accepted. However, gaps in the literature exist that have identified a difference in material characterisation. Procedurally, every researcher manufactures the gelatine differently, which, when combined with a lack of calibration procedures, can cause inconsistencies in output data, and additional concerns exist surrounding the repeatability of re-mouldable simulants, such as Perma-Gel®. Further, limited information is available on the environmental impact of '1 shot' items, such as ballistic gelatine, which has become a well-known and widely accepted material for survivability assessment. This review identifies key inconsistencies within the literature, the risk associated with survivability assessment, and potential solutions to the issues identified within, with outcomes showing that the current methodologies for survivability assessment do not align with the wider UK government ambition of being Net Zero by 2050 unless changes are made. ; This research was supported by Cranfield Forensics Institute, The Defence Ordnance Safety Group, and Defence Equipment and Support.

AbstractA common adage runs that, given a theory manifesting symmetries, the syntax of that theory should be modified in order to construct a new theory, from which symmetry-variant structure of the original theory has been excised. Call this strategy for explicating the underlying ontology of symmetry-related models reduction. Recently, Dewar has proposed an alternative to reduction as a means of articulating the ontology of symmetry-related models—what he calls (external) sophistication, in which the semantics of the original theory is modified, and symmetry-related models of that theory are treated as if they are isomorphic. In this paper, we undertake a critical evaluation of sophistication about symmetries—we find the programme underdeveloped in a number of regards. In addition, we clarify the interplay between sophistication about symmetries, and a separate debate to which Dewar has contributed—viz., that between interpretational versus motivational approaches to symmetry transformations.