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تهدف الدراسة لبيان الاتجاهات العامة في دراسة العالم العربي في السياسة الدولية من خلال تفسير طبيعة الخطاب السياسي العربي فترة الربيع العربي، إذْ ظهرت أهمية الدراسة في سياق تحليل طبيعة الواقع العربي، وتأثيرات البيئة الداخلية والخارجية في ضوء استخدام دراسات تحليل النظم والاتجاه الواقعي في السياسة الدولية، واعتمدت الدارسة بشكل رئيس على منهج تحليل المضمون في الإجابة عن السؤال الرئيس: ما طبيعة وسمات الخطاب السياسي العربي المدة الزمنية الربيع العربي (2011-2019)؟، وقد توصلت الدراسة لمجموعة من النتائج والتوصيات، من أبرزها: أن فترة الربيع العربي قد أحدثت تغييراً في شكل وخصائص الخطاب السياسي العربي ارتبطت بطبيعة التحولات في البيئة الداخلية، وبروز الخطاب الثوري الغير رسمي العربي بشكل أكثر وضوحاً، معتمداً على الرمزية والشعارات، والحشد الشعبي، والإقناع، مقابل خطاب سياسي رسمي ضعيف،واتسم بالتحريض والاتهام بالتآمر، والتعظيم والتمجيد للسلطة، الأمر الذي انعكس على الشكل العام للخطاب السياسي العربي أنه" خطاب سجالي فيه من الفتنة والاتهام المتبادل وشيطنة الآخر". وقد أوصت الدراسة بضرورة تعزيز الدراسات العلمية التي تبحث في الخطاب السياسي العربي، وتعزيز المبادرات العربية التي تركز على توحيد شكل الخطاب السياسي العربي بصورة تحقق أبعاداً قومية تعالج الخلافات العربية-العربية. ; This research attempts to illustrate the general trends in the study of the Arab World in international politics through means of interpreting the nature of the Arab political speech during the period of the Arab Spring. The significance of this study appeared in the context of the Arab world's reality and effects of the internal and external environment in light of the use of systems analysis studies and international policy's realistic trends. This study depended mostly on the content analysis methodology in an attempt to answer the key research question; what is the nature and features of the Arab political speech during the period of the Arab Spring (2019-2011). The finding of the study has concluded a set of recommendations including the following: The period of the Arab spring has affected and changed the shape and characteristics of the Arab political discourse. This related to the nature of transformations in the internal environment. The emergence of a clear revolutionary Arab informal discourse associated with symbolism, rituals, popular mobilization, and persuasion, in exchange for an official political speech characterized by incitement and accusation of conspiracy, glorification of power, which was reflected in the general form of the Arab political speech as "a rhetorical discourse that involves sedition, mutual accusation and demonization of the other.this study recommended the necessity of enhancing scientific studies that investigate the Arab political speech and promoting the Arab's initiations that focus on unifying the form of the Arab political speech in a way that inspires national dimensions.

The study aimed to answer the following two questions: What are the determinants and characteristics of the Palestinian political leadership in the different stages of the Palestinian issue? Have the changes in the determinants of the Palestinian political leadership led to any difference in its patterns and methods? In this regard, the researcher used the historical approach in pursuing the biographies of a sample of the leaders of the Palestinian institutions in order to recognize the environments in which they grew up, the circumstances that surrounded them and their strengths and weaknesses. This approach helps classify these leaders and come up with the determinants and characteristics of the Palestinian political leadership. The study concluded that the Palestinian leadership determinants have developed and diversified depending on the political stage of the Palestinian issue. These determinants were as follows: belonging to a major family during the British Mandate, the Arab identity in the period between the Nakbah (The Catastrophe) and Naksah (The Setback), and the affiliation to the resistance factions since the Naksah until the Oslo Agreement. These determinants have evolved following Oslo Agreement as a result of the American and Zionist interference in the Palestinian leadership determinants. In this context, the study provided several facts and much evidence, including individual decisions or criticism that was directed to the Palestinian political leaders. This confirmed that they were characterized by the father-like pattern in using their power. This was based on five attributes: the personalization of power, informality and the lack of institutional framework, getting closer to the leader as a criterion for political promotion, the balanced conflict, and relying on financial resources.The study also concluded that the changes in the determinants of the Palestinian political leadership in the different stages of the Palestinian issue did not result in a change in the patterns and characteristics of the political leaders.

Detection and monitoring land use/land cover (LULC) changes using historical multi-temporal remote sensing data is greatly important for providing an effective and robust assessment of the human-induced impacts on the environmental conditions. It is extremely recommended for LULC studies related to evaluating the sustainability of changing areas over time. The agricultural sector in Egypt is one of the crucial pillars of the national economy. The amount of traditional agricultural land (Old Lands) in the Nile Delta had a significant decline over the past few decades due to urban encroachment. Consequently, several land reclamation initiatives and policies have been adopted by the Egyptian government to expand agricultural land in desert areas (New Lands) adjacent to both fringes of the Nile delta. Tiba district is one of those newly reclaimed areas located in the western Nile Delta of Egypt with a total area of 125 km2. The primary objective of this article was to identify, monitor and quantify historical LULC changes in Tiba district using historical multi-temporal Landsat imageries for six different dates acquired from 1988 to 2018. The temporal and historical changes that occurred were identified using supervised maximum likelihood classification (MLC) approach. Three major LULC classes were distinguished and mapped: (1) Agricultural land ; (2) barren land ; and (3) urban land. In 1988, Tiba district was 100% barren land ; however, during the 1990s, the governmental reclamation projects have led to significant changes in LULC. The produced LULC maps from performing the MLC demonstrated that Tiba district had experienced significant agricultural land expansion from 0% in 1988 to occupy 84% in 2018, whilst, barren land area has decreased from 100% in 1988 to occupy only 7% in 2018. This reflects the successful governmental initiatives for agricultural expansion in desert areas located in the western Nile Delta of Egypt.