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This article discusses the "quest" of Latin American and Caribbean civilian policymakers to balance democratic civilian control with effectiveness intelligence activities in their countries. Many Latin American countries are new democracies, which transitioned to democracy after horrendous military rules. With the exception of Haiti (1804), many Caribbean nations are new democracies, as well, which transitioned to democracy following the end of colonial rule between 1962 and 1983. Since their transitions to democracy, in their path to consolidation, policymakers in these countries have sought to conduct free and fair elections. guarantee the democratic transfer of political power, develop legitimacy, transform their legal frameworks and economy, and, perhaps, most crucially, bring about democratic civil-military relations (CMR) - that is establishing new security institutions (to include intelligence agencies) that are under democratic civilian control, while also effective.

This article analyzes the role of the military in the contemporary politics of Egypt, Pakistan, and Turkey. While there is literature on military coups, and analyses of the military in democratic consolidation, there is little on the military's role in democratic transitions. There is virtually none on Arab or Muslim countries. The Arab Spring has brought renewed attention to the role of the military in these problematic transitions. Utilizing a common framework, based on Alfred Stepan's "prerogatives", the article compares and contrasts the position of the military in these three countries. In order to explain the different powers of the militaries in accord with these variables, the article then examines a series of fi ve commonly identifi ed factors promoting or impeding the political role position of the military.

AbstractThis forum compares and contrasts national experiences in the development of intelligence studies from the perspective of seven countries: France, Japan, Israel, Romania, Spain, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The discussion is structured around a comparative framework that emphasizes five core dimensions that, we posit, are essential to the emergence of this subfield: access to relevant government information, institutionalization of research on intelligence and security in a higher education setting, periodic scientific meetings and networks, teaching and learning opportunities, and engagement between researchers and practitioners. The forum demonstrates how researchers working in different contexts and disciplines have overcome similar challenges to broaden our understanding of secret government practices.

This forum compares and contrasts national experiences in the development of intelligence studies from the perspective of seven countries: France, Japan, Israel, Romania, Spain, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The discussion is structured around a comparative framework that emphasizes five core dimensions that, we posit, are essential to the emergence of this subfield: access to relevant government information, institutionalization of research on intelligence and security in a higher education setting, periodic scientific meetings and networks, teaching and learning opportunities, and engagement between researchers and practitioners. The forum demonstrates how researchers working in different contexts and disciplines have overcome similar challenges to broaden our understanding of secret government practices.

The larger context -- Tools for assessment: level 1 and level 2 -- The Democratic Republic of Congo case -- The Guinea-Bissau case -- The case of Guinea -- The case of Mali -- The Togo case -- The Nigeria case -- The Kenya case -- The case of Ethiopia -- The case of Chad -- The Tunisia case -- Synthesis

Frontmatter -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- Part I. Case Studies -- 1. The Origins of Southern California Latino Gangs -- 2. Street Gangs of El Salvador -- 3. Street Gangs of Guatemala -- 4. Street Gangs of Honduras -- 5. Street Gangs of Nicaragua -- Part II. Responses to Gang Violence -- 6. State Power and Central American Maras: A Cross- national Comparison -- 7. Government responses and the Dark Side of Gang Suppression in Central America -- 8. Elite Membership and Sexualized Violence among Central American Gangs -- 9. the Use of Intelligence to Combat Maras -- 10. the Impact of U.S. Anti- gang Policies in Central America: Quo Vadis? -- Conclusion: The Dilemma of Fighting Gangs in New Democracies -- Notes -- Glossary -- List of Acronyms -- Bibliography -- About the Contributors -- Index

What are the role and place of secret services and covert operations in democratic settings? How do states balance the need for both secrecy and openness? What are the challenges to creating effective intelligence practices? Focusing on these crucial questions, the authors of The Conduct of Intelligence in Democracies examine the purposes and processes of intelligence communities in today's security environment