Suchergebnisse

This article elaborates an analysis and description of the state of unconstitutional things about forced displacement victims in Colombia, declared through the decree T-025 and the resolution 373 of 2016, by a general panorama, where the study of this structural failure expose the circumstances that displaced people are in when the T-02/04 was announced, the evolution of its events and governmental acts facing theConstitutional Court response, in this way new categories that describe the socio-juridical phenomenon and its development are proposed, presenting "The New State of Unconstitutional Things". ; Este artículo elabora un análisis y descripción del Estado de Cosas Inconstitucionales de las víctimas de desplazamiento forzado en Colombia, declarado mediante sentencia T-025 de 2004 y del auto 373 de 2016, a través de un panorama general, en donde el estudio de este fallo estructural expone las circunstancias en las que se encuentra la población desplazada una vez emitida la T-025/04, la evolución de sus circunstancias y la actuación gubernamental ante el accionar de la Corte Constitucional, de esta manera se proponen nuevas categorías que permiten describir el mentado fenómeno socio-jurídico y su desarrollo, presentando el "Nuevo Estado de Cosas Inconstitucionales". ; Este artigo elabora uma análise e descrição do Estado deInconstitucionalidade das Vítimas de Deslocamento Forçado na Colômbia, declarado pela Sentença T-025 de 2004 e Portaria 373 de 2016, através de um panorama geral, onde o estudo desta decisão estrutural expõe as circunstâncias em que se encontra a população deslocada após a edição do T-025/04, a evolução de sua situação e a atuação do governo perante as ações do Tribunal Constitucional, desta forma são propostas novas categorias que permitem descrever o referido sócio –fenômeno jurídico e seu desenvolvimento, apresentando o "Novo Estado Inconstitucional".

AbstractCorporate social responsibility (CSR) is acquiring great relevance in academic and professional fields as a tool which enables an increase in business competitiveness and sustainable development. Additionally, a growing number of authors have started to consider CSR as an internal capability that allows firms to attract and retain a qualified workforce. Taking into account this premise, this study has a two‐fold aim: (i) to analyse which CSR aspects are assessed higher or lower by valuable human capital such as college graduates when they decide to join a company, and (ii) to show the existence of personal and social integration factors which influence this assessment. To address these purposes, this study carried out a quantitative analysis at different Spanish universities. The results conclude that social integration factors have greater influence on the assessment of CSR and sustainable practices with regard to the processes of attracting college graduates than do personal explanatory factors. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment

El objetivo del estudio fue relacionar los estilos de aprendizaje (EA) y hábitos de estudios (HE) con el rendimiento académico (RA) de los estudiantes de propedéutico de la Universidad Autónoma Chapingo. Para obtener la información se utilizaron dos instrumentos, el cuestionario de Honey-Alonso de estilos de aprendizaje (CHAEA) y el cuestionario de hábitos y técnicas de estudio (CHTE). El muestreo consideró a 142 estudiantes de propedéutico, de los que se obtuvieron las calificaciones de sus materias cursadas. Las respuestas del cuestionario sobre los HE y de los EA se analizaron mediante la prueba de Kruskal-Wallis y se evaluó la correlación entre las diferentes escalas. Durante el primer semestre, quienes manifestaron tener hábitos moderados tuvieron la menor calificación (77), y los de buenos y excelentes hábitos tuvieron similar calificación (81.5-81.7). Durante el primer semestre los estudiantes con muy altos EA tuvieron la menor calificación (79). En los estudiantes con EA activo no se observó correlación con las calificaciones. Se concluye que la correlación de los hábitos de estudio y los estilos de aprendizaje con el rendimiento académico en estudiantes de propedéutico de la Universidad Autónoma Chapingo fue muy baja y en muchos casos no existió significancia.

This is an electronic version of the paper presented at the European Workshop on Mechanisms for Mastering Future Internet, held in Salzburg on 2008 ; This paper presents an ontology-based approach to integrate the measurements provided by different network monitoring tools and platforms. The combination of such measurements is valuable to network operators, enabling the development of new management applications. The use of ontologies provides some advantages over current syntactic solutions: classification, inference and querying capabilities are some of them. Moreover, they can reduce the complexity of information integration, providing solutions that can be applied to existing network monitoring infrastructures. ; This work has been partially funded by the European Union under the project FP7-MOMENT (INFSO-ICT-215225).

En el artículo se presentan resultados de la investigación documental sobre el estado de la problemática de la formación de valores en estudiantes universitarios desde el uso de las TIC. Se argumentan los fundamentos teóricos que sustentan una propuesta de diseño de un sistema de estrategias de aprendizaje para el desarrollo y la integración de valores en el estudiante de la Licenciatura en Derecho de la Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, México, en el marco de la asignatura Manejo de las Tecnologías de la Información y Comunicación (MTIC).

El objetivo de este estudio, fue evaluar la ventaja comparativa del pastoreo en la competitividad del sistema de producción ovina de pequeña escala de Singuilucan Hidalgo, México. Para ello, se analizaron datos de 51 uni­dades de producción, elegidas a partir de un muestreo aleatorio simple. La información, se obtuvo por medio de una entrevista con 120 preguntas, organizadas en variables técnicas, aspectos económicos y aspectos sociales del productor. Para analizar el impacto del pastoreo sobre la competitividad, se utilizó la Matriz de Análisis de Política (MAP) en dos escenarios, en el primero, se estudió la estructura de costos bajo la forma tradicional de producción, la cual utiliza el pastoreo como base alimenticia, mientras que en el segundo, el costo fue simula­do al contabilizar la compra de alimento, así como la contratación de mano de obra. Los resultados revelaron que el pastoreo como base alimenticia (escenario real), en lugar de alimento comercial (escenario simulado), incrementa la rentabilidad del sistema ovino en 53%, lo que se traduce en una reducción de costo (32%) y un aumento en la utilidad de $10,830 (diez mil ochocientos treinta pesos promedio por granja) por cada ciclo productivo de cuatro meses. La alta dependencia del pastoreo y mano de obra familiar observada en el escenario simulado, indican que la producción ovina de pequeña escala en Singuilucan, podría ser vulnerable, si perdiera las ventajas microregionales que le aportan estos factores, lo cual, se traduciría en una reducción competitiva de aproximadamente 62%.

Cooling and heating faster a system is a crucial problem in science, technology, and industry. Indeed, choosing the best thermal protocol to reach a desired temperature or energy is not a trivial task. Noticeably, we find that the phase transitions may speed up thermalization in systems where there are no conserved quantities. In particular, we show that the slow growth of magnetic domains shortens the overall time that the system takes to reach a final desired state. To prove that statement, we use intensive numerical simulations of a prototypical many-body system, namely, the two-dimensional Ising model. ; This work was partially supported by Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad (MINECO, Spain), Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI, Spain), and Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER, EU) through Grants No. PGC2018-094684-B-C21, No. FIS2017-84440-C2-2-P, and No. MTM2017-84446-C2-2-R. A.L. and J.S. were also partially supported by Grant No. PID2020-116567GB-C22 AEI/10.13039/501100011033. A.L. was also partly supported by Grant No A-FQM-644-UGR20 Programa operativo FEDER Andalucía 2014–2020. J.S. was also partly supported by the Madrid Government (Comunidad de Madrid-Spain) under the Multiannual Agreement with UC3M in the line of Excellence of University Professors (EPUC3M23), and in the context of the V PRICIT (Regional Programme of Research and Technological Innovation). I.G.-A.P. was supported by the Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (MCIU, Spain) through FPU Grant No. FPU18/02665. ; Publicado

1. Climate warming increases vulnerability to drought in Mediterranean water-limited forests. However, we still lack knowledge of the long-term physiological responses of coexisting pine species in these forests regarding their ability to cope with warming-induced drought stress. 2. We investigated spatiotemporal patterns of tree performance for five isohydric pines with partially overlapping ecological niches in the eastern Iberian Peninsula along an altitudinal gradient: Pinus halepensis = Pinus pinaster ≤ Pinus nigra ≤ Pinus sylvestris ≤ Pinus uncinata. 3. Using indexed tree-ring widths (TRWi), we assessed the changes in the temporal coherence of radial growth (growth synchrony, âC) over the period 1902-2011 across three elevation belts: low ≈1100 m; mid = 1615 m; high = 2020 m. We also examined by mixed modelling whether TRWi showed an increased coupling with leaf-level gas exchange (inferred from indexed carbon isotope discrimination, Δ13Ci) by enhanced stomatal regulation in response to an amplified regional drought stress. 4. Increasingly negative annual water balances (decrease in annual precipitation minus evapotranspiration = −4·8 mm year−1; 1970-2011) prompted more synchronous growth of coexisting pines between low- and mid-elevation belts, with âC rising from 0·25 ± 0·04 (1902-1951) to 0·62 ± 0·05 (1962-2011). This effect was coupled with tighter stomatal regulation at mid-elevation as indicated by high correlations between TRWi and Δ13Ci (>0·60 from the mid-1970s onwards) which resembled those found at low elevation. Simultaneously, TRWi vs. Δ13Ci uncoupling occurred at the high-elevation belt across species. 5.Weaker growth-climate relationships as elevation increased highlighted the major role of the altitude-dependent thermal gradient in growth responsiveness to drought; however, an intensified Δ13Ci response to spring water availability across elevation belts observed from mid-1970s onwards suggested regional shifts in tree physiological activity linked to earlier seasonal drought impacts. Warming-induced drought stress is spreading to higher altitudes in Iberian pinewoods as multispecies growth is linked to progressively tighter stomatal control of water losses reflected in wood Δ13C. ; T.A.S. and J.P.F acknowledge ERANET-Mundus (European Commission, Grant agreement 20112573) and the Ramón y Cajal program (RYC-2008-02050) respectively. A.A.K. benefitted from a visiting grant (University of Lleida). This study was supported by projects AGL2015-68274-C3-3-R (MINECO/FEDER) and 2014 SGR1141 (Catalan Government). We acknowledge P. Sopeña and M.J. Pau for technical assistance and G. Sangüesa-Barreda for field sampling.

Fungi provide important forest ecosystem services worldwide. In Mediterranean pine forests, predicted warmer and drier conditions could lead to a decline in mushroom yields. Climate is a key factor regulating both tree growth and fungal yields, particularly in drought-prone Mediterranean ecosystems. However, the responses of forest growth and mushroom production to climate depend on the differences among tree and fungal species and functional groups (e.g., mycorrhizal vs. saprotrophic), forest types, as well as depending on site conditions. Here we investigate how climatic conditions drive seasonal wood formation (earlywood −EW− and latewood −LW− production) and mycorrhizal mushroom production, to disentangle if growth and fungal yields are related. This assessment was done in Mediterranean forests dominated by four pine species in two areas located in Catalonia (NE Spain) representing mesic and xeric conditions and encompassing wide ecological gradients. The data consisted of 7-year to 13-year long inventories of mushroom production. EW production was favoured by cold and wet climate conditions during the previous fall and winter, and during the current spring and summer. LW production was enhanced by warm and humid conditions from spring to early fall. Mushroom yield was improved by wet late-summer and fall conditions, mainly in the most xeric area. This study confirms the ample differences found in tree growth and fungal production along ecological and climatic gradients. Clear relationships between mycorrhizal fungal yields and tree growth were mostly observed in specific sites characterized by severe summer drought. Specifically, latewood production seems to be the tree-ring variable most tightly linked to mycorrhizal fungal yield in drought-prone areas. ; This study was partially funded by the research projects AGL2012-40035-C03-01 and AGL2015-66001-C3-1-R (Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad of Spain, Secretaría de Estado de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación), by the European project "StarTree—Multipurpose trees and non-wood forest products: a challenge and opportunity" under grant agreement No. 311919. Irantzu Primicia work was supported by a STSM Grant from the COST Action FP1203 (European Non-Wood Forest Products). Sergio de Miguel's work was supported by the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme within the framework of the MultiFUNGtionality Marie Skłodowska-Curie Individual Fellowship (IF-EF) under grant agreement No 655815.

La infestación de gregarinas de género Nematopsis en camarón blanco Litopenaeus vannamei se asocia con la disminución en la producción y el bajo peso, así como la posible predisposición a infecciones virales. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar el efecto de la parasitosis por gregarinas Nematopsis sp en el crecimiento de Litopenaeus vannamei de cultivo. Se instalar o n cuatro jaulas con estructura de tubos de PVC y malla plástica con diámetro de luz de 6 mm, 1,7 m de altura y 1, 5 m por cada lado, cubriendo una superficie del fondo de 2,25 m 2 , en un estanque de una granja de camarón, ubicada en la zona de La Pesca, Tamaulipas, México. Se colocaron 29 camarones L. vannamei previamente pesado s en cada jaula, con una infestación grado 2 de gregarinas Nematopsis (6 a 10 parásitos por camarones). L os camarones fu eron alimentados durante todo el ensayo con alimento comercial, los 5 primeros días se adicionaron al alimento de 2 jaulas, 6 g/kg de monensina sódica, posterior a esos 5 días, los camarones de las 4 jaulas fueron alimentados por 38 días más . Al final del experimento se pesaron los camarones, obteniendo los no tratados, una ganancia de peso en promedio de 2,5 g y los tratados 2,79 g. La presente investigación muestra que el efecto negativo en el crecimiento de los camarones causado por la inf estación de Nematopsis sp, se puede revertir si los camarones infectados son tratados con monensina sódica, la cual posee un efecto terapéutico que elimina al parásito sin afectar el crecimiento de los camarones.

The cytochrome b559 is a heme-bridged heterodimeric protein with two subunits, α and β. Both subunits from Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 have previously been cloned and overexpressed in Escherichia coli and in vivo reconstitution experiments have been carried out. The formation of homodimers in the bacterial membrane with endogenous heme was only observed in the case of the β-subunit (β/β) but not with the full length α-subunit. In the present work, reconstitution of a homodimer (α/α) cytochrome b559 like structure was possible using a chimeric N-terminus α-subunit truncated before the amino acid isoleucine 17, eliminating completely a short amphipathic α-helix that lays on the surface of the membrane. Overexpression and in vivo reconstitution in the bacteria was clearly demonstrated by the brownish color of the culture pellet and the use of a commercial monoclonal antibody against the fusion protein carrier, the maltoside binding protein, and polyclonal antibodies against a synthetic peptide of the α-subunit from Thermosynechococcus elongatus. Moreover, a simple partial purification after membrane solubilization with Triton X-100 confirmed that the overexpressed protein complex corresponded with the maltoside binding protein-chimeric α-subunit cytochrome b559 like structure. The features of the new structure were determined by UV–Vis, electron paramagnetic resonance and redox potentiometric techniques. Ribbon representations of all possible structures are also shown to better understand the mechanism of the cytochrome b559 maturation in the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane. ; This work was supported by Grants from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO) (AGL2011-23574, MAT2011-23861, BIO2012-35271, BFU2010-16297), the Aragón Regional Government (E33 and B18), and the Andalucía Regional Government (PADI BIO-022). All these Grants were partially financed by the EU FEDER Program. ; Peer reviewed

We show that a [Er–Ce–Er] molecular trinuclear coordination compound is a promising platform to implement the three-qubit quantum error correction code protecting against pure dephasing, the most important error in magnetic molecules. We characterize it by preparing the [Lu–Ce–Lu] and [Er–La–Er] analogues, which contain only one of the two types of qubit, and by combining magnetometry, low-temperature specific heat and electron paramagnetic resonance measurements on both the elementary constituents and the trimer. Using the resulting parameters, we demonstrate by numerical simulations that the proposed molecular device can efficiently suppress pure dephasing of the spin qubits. ; This work has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (ERC Starting Grant 258060 FuncMolQIP, COST Action 15128 MOLSPIN, QUANTERA project SUMO, FET-OPEN grant 862893 FATMOLS), the Spanish MICINN (grants CTQ2015-68370-P, CTQ2015-64486-R, RTI2018-096075-B-C21, PCI2018-093116, PGC2018-098630-B-I00, MAT2017-86826-R), the Gobierno de Aragón (grants E09-17R-Q-MAD, and PLATON E31_17R), the Generalitat de Catalunya (ICREA Academia 2018 to GA), and from the Italian Ministry of Education and Research (MIUR) through the co-funding of SUMO and through the PRIN Project 2015 HYFSRT "Quantum Coherence in Nanostructures of Molecular Spin Qubits". Institució Catalana de Recerca I Estudis Avançats: ICREA Academia Prize 2018. ; Peer reviewed

El pdf del artículo es la versión pre-print. ; A study of the in vitro reconstitution of sugar beet cytochrome b 559 of the photosystem II is described. Both α and β cytochrome subunits were first cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. In vitro reconstitution of this cytochrome was carried out with partially purified recombinant subunits from inclusion bodies. Reconstitution with commercial heme of both (αα) and (ββ) homodimers and (αβ) heterodimer was possible, the latter being more efficient. The absorption spectra of these reconstituted samples were similar to that of the native heterodimer cytochrome b 559 form. As shown by electron paramagnetic resonance and potentiometry, most of the reconstituted cytochrome corresponded to a low spin form with a midpoint redox potential +36 mV, similar to that from the native purified cytochrome b 559. Furthermore, during the expression of sugar beet and Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 cytochrome b 559 subunits, part of the protein subunits were incorporated into the host bacterial inner membrane, but only in the case of the β subunit from the cyanobacterium the formation of a cytochrome b 559-like structure with the bacterial endogenous heme was observed. The reason for that surprising result is unknown. This in vivo formed (ββ) homodimer cytochrome b 559-like structure showed similar absorption and electron paramagnetic resonance spectral properties as the native purified cytochrome b 559. A higher midpoint redox potential (+126 mV) was detected in the in vivo formed protein compared to the in vitro reconstituted form, most likely due to a more hydrophobic environment imposed by the lipid membrane surrounding the heme. ; This work was supported by Grants AGL2008-00377, MAT2008-03461, and BFU2007-68107-C02-01 from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (MICINN), PADI CVI-261 from the Andalusia Regional Government, and DGA-GC E33 and DGA-GE B18 from Aragon Regional Government. All these Grants were partially financed by the EU FEDER Program. M. A. Luján would like to thank the FPI Fellowship Program of the MICINN for financial support. ; Peer reviewed

Incluye un fichero de datos ; Mangotoxin production was first described in Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae strains. A phenotypic characterization of 94 P. syringae strains was carried out to determine the genetic evolution of the mangotoxin biosynthetic operon (mbo). We designed a PCR primer pair specific for the mbo operon to examine its distribution within the P. syringae complex. These primers amplified a 692-bp DNA fragment from 52 mangotoxin-producing strains and from 7 non-mangotoxin-producing strains that harbor the mbo operon, whereas 35 non-mangotoxin-producing strains did not yield any amplification. This, together with the analysis of draft genomes, allowed the identification of the mbo operon in five pathovars (pathovars aptata, avellanae, japonica, pisi, and syringae), all of which belong to genomospecies 1, suggesting a limited distribution of the mbo genes in the P. syringae complex. Phylogenetic analyses using partial sequences from housekeeping genes differentiated three groups within genomospecies 1. All of the strains containing the mbo operon clustered in groups I and II, whereas those lacking the operon clustered in group III; however, the relative branching order of these three groups is dependent on the genes used to construct the phylogeny. The mbo operon maintains synteny and is inserted in the same genomic location, with high sequence conservation around the insertion point, for all the strains in groups I and II. These data support the idea that the mbo operon was acquired horizontally and only once by the ancestor of groups I and II from genomospecies 1 within the P. syringae complex. ; This work was supported by grants from the regional government of Andalucía (Spain), grants from CICE-Junta de Andalucía, Ayudas Grupo PAIDI AGR-169, and Proyecto de Excelencia (P07-AGR-02471) and Plan Nacional IDI grant AGL2008-55311-CO2-01 (Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación), cofinanced by FEDER (European Union). Plan Propio of the University of Málaga funded a stay by V.J.C. at the Universidad Pública de Navarra, Spain.