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PurposeThis paper according to the logic of the "digital access divide--digital capability divide--digital outcome divide" aims to systematically discuss the impact of the digital divide on individual happiness in China, accounting for the variations that exist across different groups, as well as the corresponding mechanisms.Design/methodology/approachThis paper presents cross-sectional analyses of the relationship between the digital divide and individual happiness in China. The analyses are based on data from the Chinese General Social Survey 2017, which academic institutions run on the Chinese Mainland. This database contains information on respondents' Internet access, skills and consequences of use, which can measure the digital divide of Chinese individuals at three levels.FindingsFirst, individual happiness declined when they experienced the digital access divide in China. For the digital capability divide, the lower the usage skills, the more individual happiness declined. When analyzing the digital outcome divide, the greater the negative consequences, the more individual happiness declined. Second, the impacts of digital access, capability and outcome divide vary according to age, gender, education degrees, hukou, region and sub-dimensions. Third, the digital access and capability divide reduce individuals' happiness by lowering their self-rated social and economic status, whereas the digital outcome divide reduce individual happiness by lowering their fairness perception and social trust.Originality/valueThe authors believe that this is the first study to examine the impact and its variations among different groups of the three-level digital divide on individual happiness, as well as its mechanisms.

Despite the economic statistics from recent years indicating outstanding economic recovery in disaster-affected areas after the Wenchuan Ms 8.0 Earthquake, the causes of these macro-economic changes remain ambiguous. The Chinese Government set up the counterpart assistance policy to aid post-disaster reconstruction after the Wenchuan Ms 8.0 Earthquake in 2008; however, whether the changes seen in the economic statistics can be attributed to this policy remains unclear. This article uses the difference-in-differences model to evaluate the effects of counterpart assistance on economic development in disaster areas. Thirty-nine severely affected counties were chosen as research objects and divided into a treatment group (18 recipient counties) and a control group (non-recipient counties). Empirical results indicate the counterpart assistance policy helped to significantly improve the real GDP and GDP growth rate per capita in the treatment group. Counterpart assistance influenced the real GDP principally by increasing investment in fixed assets, employment, urbanization level, and fiscal expenditure. The findings of this study deepen our understanding of counterpart assistance within the Chinese context.

Adjusting farming strategies are adaptive behaviors to cope with hazard risks. However, few studies have studied rural and remote mountain areas in China with little known about "farmers' adaptation under the impact of geo-hazards". Unlike traditional farmers' behavioral adaptation studies, in this study, we focused on the resilience of farmers' behavioral mechanisms to address local hazards such as geo-hazards. Our data were acquired through questionnaire responses (N = 516) in mountainous hazard-prone areas in Chongqing, China. The binary logit model and multinomial logit model were used to investigate the obstacles to different farming strategies and the determinants of adaptation strategy choice, focusing on the effects of disaster experience and social support on the adaptation strategy resilience. The results show that the most common adaptation strategy was adjusting crop varieties, and the largest adaptation obstacle was a lack of funds. Additionally, the age of the smallholder, farming acreage, agricultural income, social support, and disaster experience significantly increased the possibility of farmers adjusting their agricultural production. Of these, smallholder agricultural income, state disaster subsidy, the presence of disaster prevention construction, the smallholder's property, and the presence of disaster-caused crop loss experience were the most important factors affecting a farmer's adaptation strategy. In particular, farmers were more sensitive to disaster-caused property loss than to disaster-caused crop loss. This study can provide implications for the government to formulate disaster mitigation measures and for farming strategies at the smallholder level.

AbstractRegional inequality has attracted considerable interest among academics and policy makers. However, few studies have focused on regional inequality in comprehensive development. This study quantitatively estimated the regional inequalities and imbalances in China at multiple scales using gross domestic product (GDP), population, and the inter‐calibrated Defense Meteorological Satellite Program's Operational Line‐Scan System (DMSP/OLS) nighttime stable light (NSL) data for 1992–2013. The results are as follows. First, the GDP‐derived inequalities exhibited an inverted U‐shaped pattern, while the NSL‐derived continued to decline. Second, for both GDP and NSL data, the inequality within the western region contributed most to the within‐region inequalities, while the eastern region contributed least. Third, the highest inter‐provincial inequality was observed in the developed area, while disparity within the underdeveloped area was the lowest. Finally, at the provincial level, the imbalances in comprehensive development generally decreased from 1992 to 2013. Moreover, a correlation analysis between the GDP‐ and NSL‐derived inequalities showed that there were some similarities in inequalities during 1992–2013, especially in the eastern region. These findings highlight that the regional inequalities in economic development and comprehensive development exhibit different tendencies, and hence it is crucial for both scholars and government to focus on this issue.

Load imbalance is a problem faced by the distributed cloud computing platform. It often requires the information collaboration by each server in the cluster to carry out the container migration. Most of the algorithms which aim to reduce the downtime do not consider migration cost of the containers and perform some unnecessary migration. In this paper, with the aim to reduce the unnecessary migration of containers, an optimal minimum migration algorithm (OMNM) is proposed. By fitting the growth rate of Docker containers in the source server, the model can estimate the growth trend of each Docker container and determine which container needs to be migrated. While ensuring the load balancing of the cluster, the number of the migration is reduced, and the utilization ratio of the resource is improved. Experimental results show that the algorithm is effective to reduce the total number of live migration of Docker containers and reduce the workload of migration. Finally, it achieves the load balancing of cloud resources.

In recent years, indoor position has been an important role in many applications, such as production management, store management and shelves in supermarket or library. Much time and energy are exhausted because one object cannot be quickly and accurately located. Traditional indoor position systems have some problems, such as complicated software and hardware system, inaccurate position and high time complexity. In this paper, the authors propose an RFID-based collaborative information system, Tagrom, for indoor localization using COTS RFID readers and tags. Unlike former methods, Tagrom works with reference tags and phase of Passive UHF-RFID tags, which improves traditional distribution of reference tags and utilize RF phase replace of traditional RSSI or multipath profile to determine the position of target RFID tags.