Suchergebnisse

The article examines the views of Russian anarchist sociology representatives – M.A. Bakunin, P.A. Kropotkin, and P.N. Tkachev – on the problem of progress. In the light of the unfolding discourse on national ideology and sovereignty of Russian social sciences in the history of Russian sociological thought, the study of the discussion of progress in the sociology of the pre-Soviet period remains relevant. It is emphasized that anarchist theories of progress are based on an evolutionist approach to the understanding of the historical process, and social progress is interpreted linearly. As the main criterion and ideal of progressive development, the individual free-dom of everyone is singled out, the consequence of which is the freedom of the whole society. The mechanism of progress includes the interaction of objective (natural and social) factors and creative activity of people. The way to achieve the ideal of progress is proclaimed to be social revolution, understood by the authors in a large-ly voluntaristic way.

This article is devoted to the analysis of the social structure of Taiwanese Dao­ism and its role in the everyday life of Taiwanese society. The emergence of Tao­ism in Taiwan dates back to the middle of the 17th century, when the first settlers arrived here from the areas of Quanzhou, Zhangzhou and Chaozhou, located in the southern coastal regions of mainland China. Until the 20th century, only Taoists of the Orthodox One school (Zhengyipai) were represented in Taiwanese society. The peculiarity of the ritualists of the Zhengyi school is their close con­nection with the local community, whose spiritual needs they serve. The author, based on the work of Taiwanese researchers and his own humble experience of field research in Taiwan, examines the social history of Taiwanese Daoism and characterizes its main currents. The article discusses the features of the Daoist tradition of Dao-fa er-men, the Lingbao lineage and the Chanhe lineage, as well as the social role of ritual masters fashi belonging to the "vernacular level" of the Taoist tradition, and grassroots spirit mediums tong-ki. As the results of modern research indicate, Taiwanese Daoism has many forms and historical variations, but it retains its social mission unchanged. The modern Taoist ritual­ists of Taiwan, first of all, ensure the normal functioning of the local social or­ganism, its unity and ethnocultural self-identification.

In the period of the 19th – beginning of the 21th century in the study of mythol­ogy three paradigms of the study of mythogenesis have consistently dominated – historical, non-historical and historical-cognitive. The historical-cognitive para­digm is based on the latest scientific results in the field of archeology, anthro­pology and cognitive science. The modern model of anthropogenesis assumes the existence of general regularities of development of three types of Homo – Homo sapiens, Neanderthals and Denisovans. There are reasons that are not only Homo sapiens, but also the Neanderthals and Denisovans had high cognitive ca­pabilities and signs of modern human behavior. The most important foundations of mythogenesis are the functioning of language and the activity of the imagina­tion. All three populations of ancient mankind reached a cognitive minimum, which opened the way to mythogenesis. Signs of mythogenesis are clearly recorded no later than the time of the transition from the Middle to Upper Pale­olithic, during the Early Aurignacian, but the beginning of this process goes back to an earlier period.

Summary: The paper uses the example of the Far East to consider the little-studied topic of participation of the Russian nature reserve in the implementation of international programs for environmental protection by the state. For the first time in historiography, special attention is paid to the activities of the Far Eastern reserve "Bolonsky" to preserve the world's biological resources. The objective of this study is to identify the place and role of the Far Eastern reserve in building a dialogue with the countries of the Asia-Pacific region (APR) on the conservation of unique species of wildlife. The presented topic is considered based on the analysis of previously unpublished sources, which determines its scientific novelty. The authors conclude that Russia's close cooperation with other countries in developing and implementing joint agreements contributes not only to solving environmental problems, but also to establishing a constructive dialogue within the Asia-Pacific region as a whole.