Suchergebnisse

The broadcasting watershed period is a government policy used to protect minors from the harm and offence that could be caused by exposure to adult programs. It ensures that general exhibition programs i.e. programs suitable for all age groups are aired when children are most likely to be part of the audience. It also ensures that programs that contain adult themes are scheduled for a later time of the night when children are most likely to be asleep. A study conducted to find out the factors that influence compliance with the Watershed period among broadcasters in Kenya measured the level of compliance with the watershed period regulations within the study, respondents were asked if they found the current government regulations effective in protecting children from harmful content in broadcasts. They were also asked whether they were in support of the government regulation of program content through the watershed period or whether they preferred self regulation among broadcasters. Majority of the respondents supported government regulation as opposed to self regulation. Despite this, Kenyan broadcasters have for a long time pushed to adopt self-regulation within the sector. In many instances, audiences have turned to the government regarding inappropriate broadcast programming urging them to rid the airwaves of this content, this fact illustrates the reliance that the audiences have in the government to regulate media content. Many texts point out that the main reason throughout the world for government regulation of programme content is the protection of minors, it is perhaps because of this that citizens, parents lawmakers and regulators, should not relent on the government regulation of broadcasting content and specifically the watershed period within Kenya. The paper argues why the government

Water governance at the micro watershed scale has not been popularly studied. However, as population increases and urbanization sets in, water conflicts may arise due to increased competition in use. This paper examines the various water governance roles of state and non-state actors within the watershed. While users make decisions and take actions that define the processes by which water is accessed and controlled, discussion and analysis of the interactions of key actor groups: households, farmers, enterprise, and local government were framed from the understanding of resources, mechanisms of access, and outcome. Focus group discussions and key informant interviews with specific actor groups (state and non-state) were conducted in the upstream and downstream villages of the Santa Cruz Watershed (SCW), Laguna, Philippines to generate the needed data. Results suggest that both state and non-state actors positioned themselves to support their respective interests. In times of water shortage, local governments at the village and the municipal levels coordinated and negotiated among themselves for access to water sources. The study concludes that within the watershed, water governance is polycentric and creates spaces for mutual cooperation among state and non-state actors, especially during times of water scarcity. The authors recommend, among others, that in areas where there are conflicts in water access and use, a polycentric approach can be considered to include both customary and formal rules in the water governance.

Cover -- Half Title -- Series Page -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- About The Handbook of Natural Resources -- Acknowledgments -- Aims and Scope -- Editor -- Contributors -- Section I: Fresh Water and Hydrology -- 1 Aquifers: Groundwater Storage -- Introduction -- Compressibility -- Confined Aquifer Storage -- Unconfined Aquifer Storage -- Confining Units -- Three-Dimensional Storage -- Conclusion -- References -- Bibliography -- 2 Aquifers: Recharge -- Introduction -- Water Budget Methods -- Methods Based on Surface Water or Ground Water Data -- Darcian Methods -- Tracer Methods -- Other Methods -- References -- 3 Artificial Reservoirs: Land Cover Change on Local Climate -- Introduction -- Is the Impact of Dams Detectable from Observational Records? -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 4 Drainage and Water Quality -- Environmental Conditions -- Pollutant Properties -- Management Practices -- Conclusion -- References -- 5 Endorheic Lake Dynamics: Remote Sensing -- Introduction -- Global Distribution of Endorheic Lakes -- Remote Sensing Monitoring of Endorheic Lakes -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 6 Eutrophication -- Introduction -- Cultural Eutrophication -- Rate of Eutrophication -- Effects of Eutrophication -- Reduction and Management -- References -- 7 Evaporation: Lakes and Large Bodies of Water -- Introduction -- Techniques for Measuring Lake Evaporation -- Estimation of Evaporation -- References -- 8 Evaporation and Energy Balance -- Introduction -- Energy Balance and Water Availability -- Determination of the Surface Energy Balance -- Conclusion -- Bibliography -- 9 Field Water Supply and Balance -- Introduction -- Water Balance Components -- Applications -- Conclusion -- References -- 10 Hydrologic Cycle -- Processes and Pathways -- Energy Sources.