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Social status and political connections may confer large economic benefits on an individual. Previous studies focused on China have examined the relationship between Communist Party membership and earnings and found a positive correlation. However, the correlation could be partly or totally spurious. Using data from three surveys spanning three decades, we estimate the causal effect of Chinese Communist Party membership on monthly earnings in China. We find that, on average, membership in the Communist Party of China increases monthly earnings and the wage premium has grown in recent years. We explore potential causes and discover evidence that improvements in social networks and social rank, acquisition of job-related qualifications, and greater life satisfaction likely play important roles in increased earnings.

Parenthood contributes substantially to broader gender wage inequality. The intensification of gendered divisions of paid and unpaid work after the birth of a child create unequal constraints and expectations such that, all else equal, mothers earn less than childless women, but fathers earn a wage premium. The fatherhood wage premium, however, varies substantially among men. Analyses of linked workplace-employee data from Canada reveal how organizational context conditions educational, occupational, and family-status variation in fatherhood premiums. More formal employment relations (collective bargaining and human resource departments) reduce both overall fatherhood premiums and group differences in them, while performance pay systems (merit and incentive pay) have mixed effects. Shifting entrenched gendered divisions of household labour is thus not the only pathway to minimizing fathers' wage advantage.

Se examina la relación entre transferencias federales, la existencia de un premio salarial en el sector público y sus efectos sobre los salarios privadosen Argentina. El análisis empírico se basa en la presunción teórica que las transferencias fiscales desde el gobierno federal se utilizan para financiar mayor empleo público desincentivando la actividad privada. Los resultados sugieren que el sector público paga un premio salarial. Este premio escreciente en el nivel de transferencias por habitante. No hay evidencia deun efecto agregado positivo sobre los salarios privados. Sin embargo se encuentra una relación positiva y significativa entre transferencias y los salarios pagados a trabajadores con menor educación, para trabajos que requieren una calificación técnica ó profesional la relación es negativa. Los resultados apoyan, en general, la hipótesis que el sector privado enfrenta una mayor competencia en los mercados de trabajo en aquellas provincias que reciben mayores transferencias desde el gobierno central.Palabras clave: Transferencias Intergubernamentales; Mercados de Trabajo;Premio Salarial; Política Fiscal.Códigos JEL: H77, J31, J45, R11. AbstractWe examine the relationship between federal transfers, the existence of a wage premium for the public sector and its effects on private wages in Argentina. The empirical analysis is based on the theoretical presumption that federal fiscal transfers to the different regions are being used to finance more public employment therefore discouraging private activity. The results suggest that the public sector pays a wage premium relative to the private sector. This premium is increasing in the level of per capita federal transfers. There is no evidence of an overall positive effect on wages in the private manufacturing sector. However, we find a significant positive relationship between federal transfers and wages paid to workers with less formal education; for jobs requiring a technical or profesional qualification the relationship is negative. These results broadly support the hypothesis that the private sector faces harder competition in the labour market in provinces which receive larger transfers from the central government.Keywords: Inter-governmental Transfers; Labour Markets; Wage premium;Fiscal PolicyJEL Codes: H77, J31, J45, R11.