Suchergebnisse

The studies on the application of topical preparations are reviewed. The data obtained demonstrate that in most cases the quantities of sunscreens, industrial protective creams and topical medications may differ greatly on different anatomic sites and may also vary due to numerous factors. The data on influencing factors in various studies were partially controversial, therefore a possible study design is suggested to resolve these controversies. It is also suggested that the standard layer thickness of sunscreens, used by standardization authorities to evaluate the sun-protective factor, should be reviewed, due to the evident failure of the majority of sunbathers to comply with the standard layer thickness used now by the ASA (2 mg/m²) or DIN (1.5 mg/m²). It is also important to have a standard of applied amounts of topical medications to be able to compare the effectiveness and bioequivalence of different topical medications precisely. The use of special delivery methods (such as flurandrenolide tape) demonstrates one approach to the standardization of topical treatment dosing.

Abstract Background For centuries, sunlight has been used for therapeutic purposes. Parents still sun their infants to treat neonatal jaundice, nappy rash or mostly to supply vitamin D for bone development as a consequence of health beliefs. In this study we aimed to assess knowledge and behaviour of parents about benefits of sunlight and sun protection. Methods In this study, parents attending to governmental primary healthcare units for their children's routine vaccinations, upon their informed consent, were consecutively enrolled during one month. Data were collected by a semi-structured questionnaire. Results The mean age of 118 enrolled parents and their babies were 27.9 ± 6.5 years and 8.3 ± 5.8 months, respectively. Most of the participants were mothers (93.2%), housewives (81.4%) with an educational level of ≥6 years (71.2%). Sunlight was considered beneficial for bone development (86.4%), diaper rash (5.9%) and neonatal jaundice (12.7%). In case of neonatal jaundice 72.0% of the participants reported that they would consult a physician. Most of the participants (82.2%) were sunning their babies outdoors. Nearly half (49.7%) of them got this information from medical staff. Fifty two percent of the parents were sunning their babies before 10–11 a.m. and/or after 3 p.m. Only 13.6% of parents reported using sunscreen for their babies, and the majority of them were using sun protecting factor ≥ 15. One forth of the sunscreen users was using sunscreen according to their physicians' advice. Conclusion Most of the participants were aware of the benefits of sunlight; especially for bone development. However they were displaying inappropriate behaviour while sunning their babies for health reasons. More education should be given to parents about the danger of sunlight at primary health care units while advising to sun their babies, if any.

Abstract Background Childhood is a high risk time for ultraviolet induced skin damage as this age group has more time and opportunity to be outdoors in the sun. Children in Africa with the inherited condition oculocutaneous albinism (OCA) are especially vulnerable due to their lack of protective melanin. They are highly susceptible to developing skin lesions that have both cosmetic and health complications, with a high risk of developing skin cancers. The study aimed to explore the adequacy of sun protection strategies of children with albinism in order to inform future provision. Methods Community based participatory research methods were employed to investigate sun protection strategies in 90 pupils with OCA (40 female and 50 male) boarding at a special school educating pupils with visual impairment in a rural area of northern South Africa. Hats worn and sunscreen preparations used were examined during semi-structured face to face interviews conducted in small peer groups. The resident nurse interpreted if necessary and provided additional information on monitoring and treatment of skin lesions. Results Participants with albinism in this study were exposed to high levels of ultraviolet radiation throughout the year and showed skin damage despite wearing protective head gear. All except one pupil possessed at least one hat, with a mean brim width of 5.4 cm. Gender differences in sun avoidance behaviour were documented, with females seeking shade during recreational periods and males playing soccer outside. Although 38% of pupils were using a sunscreen with a sun protection factor (SPF) rating, only 12% had government sponsored tubes of SPF15 cream. Government sponsored sunscreen preparations were only provided if actively sought, involving time consuming trips to regional hospitals, with inadequate availability and insufficient supply. Conclusion Children with albinism living away from home in rural areas appear to have inadequate sun protection strategies. Changes in health policy could address these deficiencies. We recommend providing more detailed health care information, giving advice on appropriate styles of hat to wear and how to assess commercial SPF products. Health promotional material should also be evaluated to determine its effectiveness among user groups.

Intro -- MOLECULAR AND SUPRAMOLECULAR BIOINORGANIC CHEMISTRY APPLICATIONS IN MEDICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES VOLUME 4 -- Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data -- Contents -- Preface -- Introduction -- Acknowledgements -- Chapter I Origins, Prevention and Treatment of Cancer -- Introduction -- Therapeutics: Nanotechnology and the Prospects for the Future of Medicine -- The Quantum Electronics -- DNA Can Inform at a Distance -- How the DNA Can Get Information at a Distance -- The Light Encoded DNA Filament -- Re-encoding the Chromosome -- Treatment of Cancer -- All Living Systems Use the Ziolkowski Channel Secretly -- Lack of Oxygen Caused by Interference with Hydrogen Bonds in Hæmoglobin -- The Tumor Becomes a Parasite Organization -- Becker Experiments -- The Pre-cancerous State and Treatment Prognosis -- The Complete Healing of Cancer -- Prioré's Treatment -- French Oncologists Reacted with Fury -- References -- Chapter II Nanotechnologies and Sunscreens: New Technologies, Importance and Risks -- 1. Sunlight and Human Health -- 2. Sunscreens -- 3. Layered Compounds -- 4. Intercalation and Adsolubilization in Layered Compounds -- References -- Chapter III Interactions of Aluminum with Erythroid Cells -- ALUMINUM -- Aluminum and Anemia -- Effect of Aluminum on Erythroid Progenitor Cells -- Direct Effect of Aluminum Toxicity on Mature Erythrocytes -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter IV Metal-Polysaccharide Complexes: An Important Toolin Pharmacological Applications -- 1. Overview -- 2. Complexation of Carbohydrates with Metals -- 3. Importance and Applications of Polysaccharide-metallic Ion Complexes -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter V Novel Trends in Cyclodextrins: A Review -- Overview -- Medical and Pharmaceutical Properties of CDs -- CDs as Removal of Soil Contaminant Agents -- Introduction -- Current Uses of β-CD.

The mixing of misinformation with high-quality news and information on social media has reinvigorated interest in the value of news literacy (NL) to build audience resiliency to misinformation. Optimizing NL messages for social media environments - where they may be seen alongside misinformation - allows these messages to reach audiences when they are most likely to benefit from them. Using a 2 (NL video vs. control video) x 2 (sunscreen promotion video vs. sunscreen misinformation video) online survey experiment (N = 780), we examine whether exposure to an NL video improves perceived personal NL skills and value for news literacy, as well as enables participants to recognize and avoid engaging with misinformation. Our findings suggest that after watching the NL video, individuals valued NL more but their self-perceived news literacy did not improve. Furthermore, watching the NL video made individuals rate the second video as less credible and reduced engagement with it no matter whether the second video contained misinformation or quality information. This research has several important implications. While watching an NL video could protect individuals by discrediting and decreasing engagement with misinformation, it may do so at the expense of high-quality information. We discuss the difficulty in designing NL messages that lead people to be appropriately skeptical and able to discern between high- and low-quality health information, rather than cynically disengaging with media content altogether.

Abstract

Background
Ultraviolet (UV) exposure during outdoor work increases the risk of developing skin cancer. Therefore, the uptake of recommended sun protection behaviors is important to prevent UV-related skin damage in the population of outdoor workers. To develop targeted prevention campaigns, information on the use of sun protection behaviors in different industries is needed.


Methods
A total of 486 outdoor workers were surveyed on the use of several sun protection measures as part of the 7th wave of the National Cancer Aid Monitoring. Furthermore, details on job-related characteristics, sociodemographics, and skin type were assessed. Descriptive analyses stratified by sex were conducted.


Results
In general, use of sun protection was insufficient (e.g. 38.4% used sunscreen on the face). Sun protection behavior differed between female and male outdoor workers with females being more likely to use sunscreen and males being more likely to wear sun protective clothes and headgear. For male outdoor workers, we revealed several associations with job-related characteristics. For instance, those who were employed full time were more likely to wear sun protective clothes (e.g. shoulder-covering shirt: 87.1% versus 50.0%, P < 0.001).


Discussion
We identified deficits in sun protection behavior in outdoor workers and differences by sex- and job-related characteristics. These differences offer starting points for targeted prevention measures. In addition, the findings may inspire qualitative research.

The suntan experienced a profound change in the last century. Considered a mark of the lower class for hundreds of years, tanning became a fad in the early 1920s and remains popular today. The tan, though, was much more than a matter of fashion,enjoying at first a boost from the medical establishment. Opinions ranging from hard science to quackery lauded the suntan as something of a panacea. Near the end of World War II, however, researchers increasingly warned against the hazards of overexposure to the sun, and a large new industry developed--sunscreen. Americans' current paradoxical obsessio

A 2 (frame: gain vs. loss) × 2 (evaluative input: high vs. low) × 3 (target behavior: sunscreen, self-exam, and indoor tanning) quasi-experimental study ( N = 452) was conducted to test moderators of message framing effect. The results showed that effectiveness of a frame is a function of its evaluative input. There was evidence that the gain frame is more effective for prevention behavior and the loss frame for detection behavior. There was no evidence that proscriptive vs. prescriptive behaviors moderated framing effect. Data also suggested that dispositional motivations can be a moderator of message framing effect, but might be contingent upon level of evaluative input and type of behavior.

Sun exposure is a risk factor for skin cancer. Knowledge and behaviors around sun exposure protective measures are poorly described in athletes including runners. Our primary objective was to describe sun exposure behaviors and knowledge in a population of runners. A cross-sectional online survey was administered to 697 runners to measure the frequency of seven sun protective behaviors: sunscreen use on the face or body; wearing a hat, sunglasses, or long sleeves; running in shade; and avoidance of midday running. Between 54% and 84% of runners reported that they engaged in these behaviors at least sometimes, but only 7% to 45% reported frequent use. Of 525 runners who gave a primary reason for not using sunscreen regularly, 49.0% cited forgetfulness; 17.3% cited discomfort; and only a small percentage cited maintaining a tan (6.1%) or optimizing vitamin D (5.1%). Of 689 runners who responded to a question about what factor most influences their overall sun exposure habits, 39.2% cited fear of skin cancer, 28.7% cited comfort level, and 15.8% cited fear of skin aging. In addition to the seven individual behaviors, we also asked runners how frequently they took precautions to protect against the sun overall. We explored associations between participant characteristics and the overall use of sun protection using ordinal logistic regression. Overall, sun protection was used more frequently in runners who were female, older, or had a history of skin cancer. Runners appear to recognize the importance of sun protection and the potential consequences of not using it, but report forgetfulness and discomfort as the biggest barriers to consistent use. Interventions using habit-formation strategies and self-regulation training may prove to be most useful in closing this gap between knowledge and practice.

Nanotechnology is an emerging and promising field for advanced applications in industrial, commercial and medical sectors, and nanomaterials can be found today in sunscreens, deodorants and textiles. Yet these nanomaterials, which are increasing in number, are entering waste streams as part of end-of-life products along with conventional waste, without any real understanding of their environmental impacts or health risks on human beings and living organisms. This report provides a literature review on four specific waste treatment processes (recycling, incineration, landfilling and wastewater treatment). While state-of-the-art waste treatment facilities may collect, divert or eliminate nanomaterials from these waste streams, the report concludes that knowledge gaps associated with their final disposal remain, underlining the need for further research in this area.

A discussion between Canadian media theorist Chris Russill, associate professor at Carleton University, and Kate Maddalena, assistant professor at the University of North Carolina Wilmington, articulates Russill's work in terms of current conversations in media-related cultural studies. Russill uses media theory, particularly the intersecting lineages of Michel Foucault, Harold Innis, and Friedrich Kittler, to describe planetary media that record, store, and transmit light. He then discusses implications for the technical media apparatus being created, largely in earth systems sciences, to read, process, and deploy appropriate action in response to the same. The conception of earth as optical medium affords insight into the power politics of ozone holes, climate change, the photosynthetic machines of science fiction, and sunscreen

A discussion between Canadian media theorist Chris Russill, associate professor at Carleton University, and Kate Maddalena, assistant professor at the University of North Carolina Wilmington, articulates Russill's work in terms of current conversations in media-related cultural studies. Russill uses media theory, particularly the intersecting lineages of Michel Foucault, Harold Innis, and Friedrich Kittler, to describe planetary media that record, store, and transmit light. He then discusses implications for the technical media apparatus being created, largely in earth systems sciences, to read, process, and deploy appropriate action in response to the same. The conception of earth as optical medium affords insight into the power politics of ozone holes, climate change, the photosynthetic machines of science fiction, and sunscreen.

This brief is about a comparison of melanoma incidence rates between white active-duty military members and the general population in the U.S. In policy and practice, health practitioners should promote skin cancer screenings for active duty service members, older personnel, and veterans; the DoD should look to prevent exposure to melanoma risk factors, such as retiring equipment containing harmful PCBs and providing protective clothing and sunscreen for military personnel who are at risk for developing melanoma. Suggestions for future research include analyzing the increase in melanoma incidence rates among younger male military personnel, analyzing the varying risk factors among the military branches, and analyzing the effects of sun exposure and chemicals that are related to the development of melanoma.