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This paper culminates the work undertaken in a larger study on income and labor force status commissioned by USAID in 1995. It explores populations at risk in Eastern Europe, and attempts to address three questions: Who are the poor? How much protection do these people receive from the social safety net? And How much might have to be spent to change their economic status? More specifically, a theoretical model linking the incidence of poverty to unemployment and/or being out of the labor force is posited and estimated using the logistic regression. The estimates are conditioned on the presence of other known poverty related variables which enter in both confounding and effect modifying capacities. Results from this exercise feed into a quantitative policy assessment of the adequacy of current welfare programs for those populations identified by the model as being at risk.

A basic principle to any education system is to allow people access to education, at least to make them able to read and write to fulfill various needs of daily lives. Normally, a government introduces an education system as a mechanism to achieve one development standard, which is measured by literacy rates amongst the population. Meanwhile, there are also some needs of the people to get education as far as they want, anytime and anywhere, in order to help nation achieves its rapid development. This paper attempts to explain the aim of lifelong education provided in Malaysia, whether it is just as to ensure every citizen is able to read and write, in order to achieve the standard of nation's development, or aimed at preparing future work force who can survive in the wave of nation's development in the future. Results of analysis revealed some findings, which is mostly in supportive of the idea about the needs for education systems, including lifelong education, is merely as Social Safety Nets to each individual to survive in the ever competitive environment in the future.

Um die Folgen der Wirtschaftskrise in Indonesien zu mildern, wurden spezielle Programme zur sozialen Sicherung entwickelt, die sich gezielt an Arme richten und die eine Grundversorgung im Hinblick auf Ernährung, Beschäftigung, Bildung und Gesundheit gewährleisten sollen. Der Autor kommt zu dem Schluss, dass die anvisierte Zielgruppe mit dem Programm nicht erreicht wird. (DSE/DÜI)

Poverty reduction is the most important challenge for Bangladesh and the social safety net SSN program is the mainstay of poverty alleviation strategies. Over the last decade, the country has increased safety net budget significantly and has achieved remarkable success in poverty reduction. The Government of Bangladesh has allocated 7.65 billion US dollars for social safety net programs in the financial year 2018 2019, but this expenditure is not sufficient in the context of the present situation. Insufficient tax revenue is the main barrier to effective public spending. In addition, institutional incapacity and poor tax compliance made the country's tax GDP ratio is only 10.6 . To become a poverty free nation, Bangladesh needs a sufficient revenue base to spend on SSN program. Shake Mohammed Humayun Kabir "Poverty Reduction and Government Expenditure on Social Safety Net: Bangladesh Perspective" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd25277.pdf

Indonesian government has established social safety net programs to reduce poverty and increase the productivity and income of poor households. Among other provinces in Indonesia, East Java has the highest poverty rate. Thus, this research aims to analyze the effectiveness of social safety net programs in reducing poverty rate in East Java. This research uses quantitative approach to measure the contribution of social safety net programs towards the income of poor households in East Java. This research employs equivalent simultaneous equation with three-stage least square (3SLS) method on secondary cross section data obtained from National Socio-Economic Survey (Susenas), March 2015. This research calculates and analyzes the impacts of social aid, social protection and labor market intervention programs towards the income of poor household income. The results show that social aid and labor market intervention programs have positive implication on the income of poor households. On the other hand, social security has no significant implication. Moreover, social security provides a safety net when a household faces unexpected situation such as redundancy, accident and death. Social security programs prevent poor households for being poorer.