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AbstractAimsBrain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels may be associated with alcohol use disorders (AUD) and alcohol consumption, correlate with sleep disturbance and be influenced by sex differences and sex hormones. These associations have not been examined in a single sample accounting for all these factors.MethodsData from 190 participants (29.4% female) with AUD were utilized. Sleep quality, craving intensity, depression, anxiety and alcohol consumption were assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Penn Alcohol Craving Scale (PACS), Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) and Timeline Follow Back for 90 days(TLFB 90). Inventory of Drug Taking Situations (IDTS) assessed the tendency to drink in positive/negative emotional states. Serum BDNF (sBDNF) and plasma sex hormones (estrogen, progesterone, testosterone, FSH and SHBG) were measured. Pearson correlation analyses were used to examine the association between sBDNF and these measures in the entire sample and in men and women separately. Higher order interaction effects between these factors were evaluated for their association with sBDNF using a backward selection model.ResultsNo significant correlations between sBDNF levels and sex hormones, PSQI, PHQ-9, PACS, IDTS scores and alcohol consumption were found (all P-values > 0.05). sBDNF levels were negatively correlated with GAD-7 scores in men (r = −0.1841; P = 0.03). When considering all quadratic and two-way interactions among PSQI, PHQ-9, GAD-7, mean and max drinks/day, number of drinking days, heavy drinking days, and sex no higher order moderating effects of sBDNF levels were found.ConclusionOur study revealed no significant associations between sBDNF and alcohol measures, sleep, depression and sex hormones suggesting limited utility as a biomarker.

Background A sex-difference in susceptibility to chronic pain is well-known. Although recent studies have begun to reveal the sex-dependent mechanisms of nerve injury-induced pain sensitization, sex differences in the affective and cognitive brain dysfunctions associated with chronic pain have not been investigated. Therefore, we tested whether chronic pain leads to affective and cognitive disorders in a mouse neuropathic pain model and whether those disorders are sexually dimorphic. Methods Chronic neuropathic pain was induced in male and female mice by L5 spinal nerve transection (SNT) injury. Pain sensitivity was measured with the von Frey test. Affective behaviors such as depression and anxiety were assessed by the forced swim, tail suspension, and open field tests. Cognitive brain function was assessed with the Morris water maze and the novel object location and novel object recognition tests. Results Mechanical allodynia was induced and maintained for up to 8 weeks after SNT in both male and female mice. Depressive- and anxiety-like behaviors were observed 8 weeks post-SNT injury regardless of sex. Chronic pain-induced cognitive deficits measured with the Morris water maze and novel object location test were seen only in male mice, not in female mice. Conclusions Chronic neuropathic pain is accompanied by anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors in a mouse model regardless of sex, and male mice are more vulnerable than female mice to chronic pain-associated cognitive deficits. ; This work was supported by the Samsung Science & Technology Foundation (SSTF-BA1502-13), and WS was supported with a postdoctoral fellowship from the National Research Foundation funded by the Korean Government (NRF-2016935834).

AbstractBackgroundIndividuals in treatment for alcohol use disorder (AUD) display deficits across a broad range of cognitive processes. Disruptions in affective processing are understudied, but may be particularly important for interpersonal functioning and post-treatment adaptation. In particular, the role of sex in AUD-associated emotion processing deficits remains largely unaddressed and was a focus of the current investigation.MethodsFifty-six treatment seekers with AUD and 54 healthy community controls (N = 110) were administered an emotional face discrimination task. Non-affective tasks included a sex-discrimination task and two brief measures of executive functioning. Two measures of interpersonal function were included.ResultsEmotion processing deficits were evident among women with AUD relative to other groups. This sex-contingent relationship was not observed in measures of executive function, sex-discrimination or interpersonal problems, although individuals with AUD performed more poorly on these measures.ConclusionsResults were consistent with extant literatures examining cognitive, affective and interpersonal functioning among individuals with AUD, and provided novel evidence of vulnerability to alcohol-associated deficits in emotion processing among women. While similar sex-contingent effects were not apparent among other measures, results support modest interrelationships, specifically including the import of emotion processing to interpersonal functioning in AUD. These data offer guidance for further systematic investigation and highlight important considerations for future relapse-prevention and recovery-facilitation efforts.

This book is open access under a CC BY license and explores the under-researched history of male mental illness from the mid-twentieth century. It argues that statistics suggesting women have been more vulnerable to depression and anxiety are misleading since they underplay a host of alternative presentations of 'distress' more common in men.

Abstract
Purpose
This study investigated sex and age differences in patterns of psychotropic medication use before and after the initial diagnosis of Cluster B personality disorders (PDs) and analyzed trends over time.

Methods
Analyzing data from the Quebec Integrated Chronic Disease Surveillance System for individuals newly diagnosed with Cluster B PD (≥ 14 years) between 2002 and 2018 and under the provincial public drug plan, we calculated yearly and monthly proportions of individuals exposed to psychotropic medications during the year before and after their diagnosis by sex and age. Robust Poisson regression models assessed the association between sex and exposure to psychotropic medications after the diagnosis of Cluster B PD.

Results
Among 87,778 individuals with a first Cluster B PD diagnosis (mean age: 44.5 years; 57.5% women), the proportion of users increased post-diagnosis. Notably, after diagnosis, females were more likely to receive psychiatric medications (between 78.9% and 83.7% during the study period vs. 72.8% and 76.8%). Males were less likely than females to receive antidepressants (adjusted prevalence ratio (aPR): 0.83; 99% confidence interval (CI): 0.82–0.85) and anxiolytics (aPR: 0.86; 99%CI: 0.84–0.88), whereas they had higher exposure to antipsychotics (aPR: 1.04; 99%CI: 1.02–1.06) and ADHD medications (aPR: 1.14; 99%CI: 1.07–1.2). Age-specific trends showed increased ADHD medication use among younger patients (14–24 years), and anxiolytic use predominated in those aged ≥ 65 years.

Conclusions
Psychotropic medication use was high among Cluster B PD patients, with differences in medication classes according to age and sex. The marked sex and age differences in psychotropic medication use among Cluster B PD patients underscore the need for a sex-sensitive and age-specific approach in psychiatric care.

Cover -- Half Title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- 1 BACKGROUND AND HISTORY -- Introduction -- Basic Definitions -- Sex -- Gender -- Sexual Differentiation in Humans -- Disorders of Sexual Development -- Intersex in History -- Puberty -- Gender Development -- Transgenderism -- Normal and Natural -- Transgenderism in History -- Transgenderism Today -- Gender Roles -- Gender Roles in Human Civilization -- The Rise of Feminism -- Gender Inequality Today -- Affectional Orientation -- Legal Prohibitions on Same-Sex Acts in the United States -- Civil Rights for LGBT Individuals -- Attitudes toward Same-Sex Behaviors in the United States -- The Range of Human Affectional Expression -- Conclusion -- References -- 2 PROBLEMS, ISSUES, AND SOLUTIONS -- Introduction -- Transgender Discrimination -- LGBT Discrimination -- Sex Education -- Gender Dysphoria -- Gender Testing in Athletics -- Gender Inequality -- Politics -- Employment -- Body Image -- Conclusion -- References -- 3 PERSPECTIVES -- Introduction -- Come Out! Come Out!": A Battle Cry for Change -- Intersex Human Rights Abuse -- Feminisms Coming and Going -- Bringing Feelings to the Diagnostic Criteria of Gender Dysphoria -- Intersex: Beyond the Sex Binary -- Living with Gender Dysphoria -- Feminism: Where We've Been and Where We're Going -- Sexual Reassignment Surgery: History and Controversy -- Gender on a Faceless Internet -- 4 PROFILES -- Introduction -- Accord Alliance -- American Association of University Women -- Harry Benjamin (1885-1986) -- Mary Calderone (1904-1998) -- Roberta Cowell (1918-2011) -- Simone de Beauvoir (1908-1986) -- dsdfamilies -- Elagabalus (203/204-222) -- Gender Spectrum -- GLBTQ Legal Advocates & Defenders -- Magnus Hirschfeld (1868-1935) -- Joan of Arc (1412-1431) -- Franklin Kameny (1925-2011) -- Alfred Kinsey (1894-1956) -- Phyllis Lyon (1924-).

Intro -- CONTENTS -- Introduction -- Part One. The History of Sexuality -- 1. Theoretical Sexology -- The Development of the Field -- Social Constructionism (with a Glance at Gender Disorders) -- Other Threads in the Multidisciplinary Tapestry -- 2. Autres Temps, Autres Moeurs -- The History of Western Sexual Mores -- The Sexual Mores of Non-Western Cultures -- 3. Sexuality and Law -- Part Two. A Theory of Sexuality -- 4. The Biology of Sex -- The Biological Basis and Character of "Normal" Sex -- The Biology of "Deviant" Sex -- Conclusion and Critique -- 5. Sex and Rationality -- The Benefits of Sex -- The Costs of Sex -- Complementarity of Sexual Practices -- 6. The History of Sexuality from the Perspective of Economics -- Greek Love and the Institutionalization of Pederasty -- Monasticism, Puritanism, and Christian Sex Ethics -- Swedish Permissiveness -- Three Stages in the Evolution of Sexual Morality -- 7. Optimal Regulation of Sexuality -- The Model of Morally Indifferent Sex Elaborated -- The Externalities of Sex -- Incest and Revulsion -- The Efficacy of Sexual Regulations -- Designing an Optimal Punishment Scheme for Sex Crimes -- The Political Economy of Sexual Regulation -- 8. Moral Theories of Sexuality -- Are Moral Theories Falsifiable? -- Christian and Liberal Theories of Sex -- Sexual Radicals -- Part Three. The Regulation of Sexuality -- 9. Marriage and the Channeling of Sex -- Restrictions on Marrying -- Regulating Nonmarital Sex -- 10. The Control of Pregnancy -- Contraception -- Abortion -- 11. Homosexuality: The Policy Questions -- The Phenomenon Reconsidered -- Relations between Consenting Adults: Sodomy Laws and Homosexual Marriage -- Discrimination against Homosexuals, with Particular Reference to Military Service -- 12. The Sexual Revolution in the Courts -- From Griswold v. Connecticut to Roe v. Wade.

Preterm labor often leads to a preterm birth and has been shown to be the most important determinant of risk for perinatal morbidity and mortality. While medication management has been utilized by physicians to delay preterm labor, the results these medications achieve remain inconsistent, in addition to increasing the risk to the developing fetus. Terbutaline has been among the most commonly used β2-adrenoreceptor (β2AR) agonists in the management of preterm labor. The research suggests that tocolytic terbutaline therapy carries a significant risk for the mother and the child, which can be magnified by extended exposure, sex of the fetus, and administration during critical fetal developmental periods. This paper highlights the research on terbutaline in treatment of preterm labor, along with the possible associated cognitive deficits in adolescents who were treated with terbutaline in utero. Two case summaries are presented to illustrate the potential deficits in clinical presentations of adolescents with history of intrauterine exposure to terbutaline. Publicizing the association between terbutaline and these deficits can not only assist obstetricians and expectant mothers in making a more informed choice in the treatment of preterm labor but also provide neuropsychologists and pediatricians with information helpful in understanding the etiology of these impairments.

Many chronic health conditions have been linked to alcohol consumption, as well as excess morbidity, mortality and an increased financial burden on the National Health Service (NHS). The British HIV Association (BHIVA) recommends that HIV patients be asked about alcohol due to its effect on adherence to antiretroviral therapy. National Institute of Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) guidelines recommend screening for alcohol use disorders in patients attending genitourinary medicine (GUM) clinics. In this study we looked at the use of a screening tool for alcohol use disorders in HIV patients in a metropolitan city. We assessed HIV patients over a 6‐month period for alcohol use disorders using the AUDIT‐C questionnaire. Patients with a score >4 were identified as higher risk and provided with brief advice about alcohol and offered written information and support. Demographic data was collected along with hepatitis B and C status, information on sexually transmitted infection (STI) testing and diagnosis. 352 patients were reviewed with a mean age of 41. 297 (84.4%) patients were male, 235 (66.8%) were white British and 251 (71.3%) were men who have sex with men (MSM). 277 (78.7%) patients were on antiretroviral therapy with 254 (91.7%) of these having an undetectable viral load. Alcohol use disorders were assessed using the AUDIT‐C score in 332 (94.3%) patients with no patient declining assessment. 166 (50%) patients had an AUDIT‐C score >4 signifying higher risk. Alcohol advice was provided to 161 (97%) of these patients and a Drink Smart guide offering advice on alcohol self help offered to 103 (64%) patients and accepted by 45 (43.7%). An opportunistic STI screen was offered to 258 (73.3%) patients on that visit in line with best practice guidelines and was accepted by 83 (32.2%). 25 infections were found in 20 patients, of which 13 (65%) had AUDIT‐C scores >4. There were 8 active hepatitis C co‐infected patients of which 3 had an AUDIT‐C score >4 and 12 chronic hepatitis B co‐infected patients with 3 having an AUDIT‐C score >4. Our results show that screening for alcohol use disorders using the AUDIT‐C questionnaire has high acceptability among HIV patients; however the data is biased to Caucasian MSM. Alcohol use has been shown to exacerbate liver damage in patients with chronic hepatitis, increase the likelihood of STI acquisition and compromise immunity. It is therefore important to screen for and quantify alcohol use as part of routine HIV clinical practice.

Objectives:To determine whether childhood maltreatment is a risk factor for two eating disorders (anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa) using objective and subjective case definitions.Methods:Using a prospective cohorts design, children with documented cases of physical abuse, sexual abuse, and neglect (ages 0–11) from 1967 to 1971 in a Midwestern metropolitan county area were matched on age, race, sex, and approximate family socioeconomic status with non-maltreated children. Both groups were followed up. Retrospective self-reports about childhood maltreatment were collected at age 29. DSM-IV anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN) disorders were assessed at age 41 ( N = 807). Logistic and linear regression results are reported.Results:Using documented cases, childhood maltreatment was not a significant risk factor for AN or BN diagnoses or symptoms in adulthood. However, adults who retrospectively reported any maltreatment and physical and sexual abuse reported significantly more symptoms of AN than those who did not.Conclusions:The prediction that childhood maltreatment is a risk factor for anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa was partially supported in this longitudinal study. While misattribution of cases might have occurred, these results suggest that researchers and clinicians should use caution in drawing inferences about these relationships and designing interventions.

The present study investigated multivariate associations between attachment styles and personality disorders (PDs)—and the mediating role of trust—in a sample of child molesters ( n = 84) and a matched control group from the general community ( n = 80). Among child molesters, canonical correlation analysis revealed that two variates resembling avoidant and anxious attachment dimensions were associated with PD traits. Attachment avoidance was related to schizoid, schizotypal, and avoidant PDs, with a marginal contribution of antisocial PD. Attachment anxiety was related to borderline and histrionic PDs, with a marginal contribution of obsessive-compulsive PD. Paranoid and dependent PDs contributed to both variates. In the control group, a more general association between attachment insecurity and PDs emerged. Finally, mistrust significantly explained the associations between attachment and PDs in both samples. Future studies should examine whether treatment for PDs in child molesters could benefit from a focus on attachment and trust.