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An institution that has shown great promise in addressing the revitalization of declining central cities is Business Improvement Districts (BIDs). These private governments provide supplemental municipal services such as sanitation, security, and marketing to independent businesses in underserved commercial areas. By 1999, 44 U.S. states had legislation that enables and dictates the formation process and structure of BIDs. The surprising element of this legislation is the wide variation in approval needed to form a BID over a proposed geographical area. Some states require as little as 20 percent approval of proposed members and others as much as 75 percent approval to allow formation of a BID. This variation in state statutes likely influences the use of BIDs. Results highlight that relatively easier state enabled collective action positively impacts the creation of BIDs, the limited effects of tax expenditure limitations on the formation of BIDs and the positive impacts that new development has on the number of BIDs per state.

For teacher who is seeking to implement modern educational goals, it is important to create prosperity educational and learning environments, which were not relevant to the traditional paradigm. The learning environment is one of the most important factors influencing the successful formation of student self-esteem, their self – expression and creative autonomy. The concept of learning environment includes - the school's tradition, domestic regulations, pupil and teacher relationship, the psychological climate, school management and teacher's work style. It is typical for the autocratic teacher work style to stereotype and depersonalise the pupils, this weakens the students' self-esteem. Meanwhile, the democratic procedure, learner's participation in decision making, respectful relationship, honesty and self-discipline promotes learner's self-confidence and enhances self-esteem. Well organised learning environment is a good atmosphere to motivate pupils and encourages them to become a proactive, independent and responsible person.

Argues that self-help is central to Kenyan politics and hence to the operation of political behavior, serving the interests and needs of both Kenyan elites and rural communities. Using elite networks to gain support for self-help projects, residents of rural communities improve their access to highly valued collective goods. (Abstract amended)

The article discloses the pedagogical conditions of the formation of selfeducational competence of future teachers at credit system of education. Subject of this article is a characteristic of pedagogical conditions among which formation of internal motives of future teacher, formation of self-educational competence, need for continuous self-educational activity; formation of the identity of the student as active subject of activity; improvement of system of formation of self-educational competence of future teacher have been disclosed. Process of training assumes active cognitive activity of the trainee by means of the use of a complex of tutorials which the multimedia and technological complex, electronic manuals belong to. For identification of pedagogical conditions of formation of self-education of future teachers at credit system of training we defined research strategy which personality and activity based and informational approaches act upon.