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Like many countries around the world, Sweden is experiencing an exponential growth in PV installations, driven largely by building mounted systems. As prosumers become significant actors in the electricity market, questions about how to integrate them technically, economically, and politically are becoming more critical. A recently concluded, three-year research effort dedicated to the techno-economic analysis of PV prosumers has identified some of the major challenges for multi-family housing owners in designing PV systems in light of uncertainty in the market and policies. This paper highlights the primary results and conclusions from the project, including; PV system sizing, strategies for electricity metering to maximize revenues, a Monte Carlo analysis to understand market and policy risks, and several case studies. The overall conclusion is that PV installations can be a profitable investment in Swedish multi-family houses, however it is important to have a roof with good solar resources, a well designed and installed system, and to capture as many available economic support programs as possible. While primarily focused on multi-family houses, much of this work can be used as a practical guide for many Swedish prosumers towards developing practical systems integration solutions and increasing renewable energy usage in buildings. ; QC 20190208

Rooftop solar photovoltaic(PV) installation in India have increased in lastdecade because of the flat 40 percent subsidy extended for rooftop solarPV systems (3 kWp and below) by the Indian government under the solarrooftop scheme. From the residential building owner's perspective, solar PVis competitive when it can produce electricity at a cost less than or equalgrid electricity price, a condition referred as "grid parity". For assessing gridparity of 3 kWp and 2 kWp residential solar PV system, 15 states capitaland 19 major cities were considered for the RET screen simulation by usingsolar isolation, utility grid tariff, system cost and other economic parameters.3 kWp and 2 kWp rooftop solar PV with and without subsidy scenarioswere considered for simulation using RETscreen software. We estimate thatwithout subsidy no state could achieve grid parity for 2kWp rooftop solarPV plant. However with 3 kWp rooftop solar PV plant only 5 states couldachieve grid parity without subsidy and with government subsidy number ofstates increased to 7, yet wide spread parity for residential rooftop solar PV isstill not achieved. We find that high installation costs, subsidized utility grid supply to low energy consumer and financing rates are major barriers to gridparity

Despite a lack of steady governmental support for PV in the Netherlands over the last decade, from 2008 onwards an increased number of initiatives started experimenting with new business models for PV. Though absolute numbers of installed capacity are still low, this is a promising sign. In this article we aim to contribute to the understanding of these developments by using insights from both business model and transition studies literature (i.e. Strategic Niche Management). By performing a literature study and a series of interviews we found three main types of business models: Customer-Owned, Community Shares and Third Party. Financial viability of these was found to be heavily dependent on net metering regulations which are surrounded by uncertainty and struggle about its meaning and application. Also, the overall PV niche is maturing. We found several local and national organizations lobbying for expansion of the space for PV business model experiments and enabling knowledge sharing and networking between initiatives. Furthermore, a number of regime players is getting involved in the PV niche. Considering the current economic turndown and related subsidy cuts in many other countries we believe the Netherlands, with its relatively poor and unstable support system, could serve as an example.

Recently, the environmental objectives set by the European Union to reduce CO2 emissions and to increase the renewable share, together with the reduction of PV prices since 2010, have motivated a great interest in PV heat pump systems for heating and cooling applications. This papers describes the initial characterization test and results of a stand-alone PV heat pump prototype installed in Madrid (Spain), using a water tank as thermal storage instead of batteries as electricity storage (a more expensive and technically complex solution). This initial test has the objective of characterizing the response of the converter that operates the compressor of the heat pump. Such converter was powered by a constant frequency input (the electric grid), in order to quantify the variable frequency output that the compressor demands. In future work, the converter will be powered by a PV array (which means a variable frequency input) and programmed to provide the required output without overcoming any limit value of the system. This way, the heat pump system will be operated completely stand-alone.

One of the renewable energies in Indonesia is solar energy. The geographical condition of Indonesia, which is a tropical country, is one of the advantages it has for applying solar energy. The Indonesian government is gradually regulating the population system for Solar Power Plants (PLTS). The resident system is in demand because of the advantage that it can be connected to the PLN grid and used as an energy reserve. The installation of rooftop PLTS both in government buildings and on the roofs of houses has now become a common trend in the community as a form of participation in the use of New and Renewable Energy (EBT). Before installing PLTS Roofs, it is necessary to determine in advance how much capacity will be installed. This is also related to the community's question, what is the percentage of electricity costs if PLTS roofs are installed in bulk. These designs and calculations are generally carried out with the help of simulations. To discuss these problems, in this article, we will discuss a simulation of the potential for electrical energy generated from rooftop solar power plants in Cilacap Green Smart Living housing. The simulation was carried out with the help of the SolarGIS PV lunar device. Analytical calculations are carried out by software based on input of regional location and solar irradiation. SolarGis will calculate the daily output power generated by the rooftop PV mini-grid and the average monthly and yearly power. The simulation results show that one house with a daily energy requirement of 13 kWh by installing a rooftop PLTS with a capacity of 3 kWp, the demand for electrical energy imported from the PLN network to the house is only 7.8% in one year.

Algeria has large territory which is around 2,382 million km with an average solar power of 2650 kWh/m2/year on more than 80 % of the total surface of country. Back in 2015, the Algerian government has adopted a program for electricity production with an objective to insert 13GW of photovoltaic (PV) systems, which corresponds to an estimated modules area of 90 km2 distributed over the national territory. The PV systems choice is justified by the availability of a great solar potential. Nonetheless, the Sahara regions are characterized by frequent sandstorms. But the Algerian Northern regions are characterized by exhaust emissions of carbon particles. The main objective of our study is to show the impact of the soil on grid connected PV performance in coastal regions. Hence, experiments have been conducted on clean and dirty PV modules glazing in natural conditions to determine the electrical characteristics. It was found, that the dirt can significantly minimize the power production during the day, for an exposure period of one month and half after the last cleaning. It is very important to indicate that, this experimental investigation can help forecasting the PV generator energy production by taking into account of dirt effects.

In this paper, it has been theoretically and conceptually examined the techni-cal, design, and economic viability of using Photovoltaic (PV) technologyin combination with battery operated Electric vehicle (EV) in Public Bussector in India, where solar energy is readily available. The study is furtheranalyzed to propose the utilization and economics of "PV integrated EV"technology along with solar and battery integrated solution. The availablebattery chemistries are studied, and the best suited solution based on parame-ters such as cost, weight NMC battery is chosen. Finally, the number of solarpanel and battery requirement is calculated based on the power consumptionof the vehicle and concluded.

International audience ; Pest risk analyses (PRAs) are conducted to determine whether an organism is a pest and whether and how it should be regulated. Estimation of the potential area of establishment and pest spread are key factors of this analysis. Tools for modelling and mapping of these key factors have to be quick and easily applicable for a wide variety of organisms with limited data for parameterization. For this purpose, a dispersal kernel model based on a 2Dt-distribution had been developed in a European Union project (PRATIQUE). The aim of the present study was the evaluation of this spread model hitherto tested on insects, plants, fungi and nematodes in order to determine its applicability to bacterial pests. Therefore, the potential distribution and spread of kiwifruit bacterial canker Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae in Europe was investigated based on climatic suitability and host plant availability. The results of the modelling were compared with the spread history of the pest in Europe. It is shown that this generic spread model can also be applied to a bacterial pest. ; Des analyses de risque phytosanitaires sont conduites afin de déterminer si un organisme est nuisible, s'il doit être réglementé, et comment il doit l'être. La prédiction de sa zone d'établissement potentiel ainsi que l'évaluation de sa dissémination sont des facteurs clefs de cette analyse. Les outils de modélisation et de cartographie de ces facteurs clefs doivent être rapides et faciles à utiliser sur une grande diversité d'organismes, et ce en utilisant un nombre limité de données de paramétrage. A cet effet, une fonction de dispersion avait été développée au sein d'un projet européen (PRATIQUE) sur la base d'une distribution de Student à deux degrés de liberté (2Dt). L'objectif de la présente étude est l'évaluation de ce modèle de dissémination, jusqu'à présent testé sur insectes, plantes, champignons et nématodes, pour déterminer s'il est également applicable aux bactéries. Pour cela, la distribution et la dissémination ...