Suchergebnisse

Architecture is gradually changing along with the development of society, its changing perceptions of beauty, strength, usefulness, as well as the growing need for comfort, aesthetics, the ideal environment. For a long time, the architecture of health care facilities was perceived and, accordingly, mechanically designed exclusively as a kind of technically necessary shell to ensure the treatment of the impersonal mass of the population. This approach was due to the acute and rapid need for a quantitative supply of medical institutions to a large number of people in large areas. This is what happened in the last century in the post-Soviet countries - standard projects of medical institutions were "cloned" everywhere, which were integrated into the urban environment by huge industrial-panel arrays without regional, cultural and aesthetic connection with "genius loci" and urban context. Do we have the right to condemn this large-scale approach that prevailed in the twentieth century? No. At one time, he made it possible to resolve the important issues of providing medical care to the majority of the population of the Soviet Union. Thanks to the massive and economic industrial design and construction approach, Ukraine has received an extensive urban network of various health care facilities, which continue to perform their functions, accepting the harsh challenges and trials of global pandemics and epidemics. The main problem is that with the acquisition of sovereignty in Ukraine began protracted political-oligarchic clan "internecine wars", which for decades froze attention to improving, modernizing, updating and developing the architecture of health care facilities. A significant part of Ukrainian hospitals is in a condition that not only does not meet sanitary and other requirements, but even threatens the health and lives of patients and staff. But it is not customary to talk about it. The Soviet mentality, enshrined in our subconscious, forces everyone in their place to report on the order, on compliance, on the implementation of plans. Despite the long-standing disregard for the problems and issues of compliance of domestic medical architecture with world standards, the powerful and once the world's best "machine" continued to perform its functions, inertially moving down from its pedestal. But today, in 2021, we are frantically approaching the foot of the new "rock", which embodies all the latest advances in health care and which the world's leading countries have gradually, step by step, overcome with long-term state plan for the development of medicine and with periodic reforms in the medical field. ; Архітектура поступово змінюється разом із розвитком суспільства, його мінливими уявленнями про красу, міцність, користь, а також зростаючою потребою у комфорті, естетиці, ідеальному оточені. Тривалий час архітектура закладів сфери охорони здоров'я сприймалась і, відповідно, механічно проектувалась виключно як своєрідна технічно необхідна оболонка для забезпечення процесів лікування знеособленої маси населення. Такий підхід був зумовлений гострою та швидкою потребою у кількісному забезпечені лікувальними закладами великої кількості населення на значних територіях. Зокрема так відбувалось у минулому сторіччі у пострадянських країнах - повсюдно "клонувались" типові проекти медичних закладів, які велетенськими індустріально-панельними масивами інтегрувались у міське середовище без регіональної, культурної та естетичної ув'язки з "genius loci" та міським контекстом. Чи маємо ми право засуджувати цей масштабний підхід, який панував у ХХ сторіччі? Ні. У свій час він дозволив вирішити край важливі питання забезпечення медичною допомогою більшості населення Радянського Союзу. Завдяки масовому та економічному індустріальному проектно-будівельному підходу Україна отримала розгалужену містобудівну мережу різноманітних закладів охорони здоров'я, які і сьогодні продовжують виконувати свої функції, приймають жорстві виклики та випробування світових пандемій та епідемій. Основна проблема полягає в тому, що з набуттям суверенітету в Україні почалися затяжні політико-олігархічні кланові "міжусобні війни", які на десятиріччя заморозили увагу до вдосконалення, модернізації, оновлення та розвитку архітектури закладів охорони здоров'я. Значна частина українських лікарень опинилася у стані, якій не тільки не відповідає санітарно-гігієнічним та іншим вимогам, але навіть загрожує здоров'ю та життю пацієнтів та персоналу. Але про це не прийнято говорити. Радянський менталітет, прописаний у нашу підсвідомість, вимушує кожного на своєму місці звітувати про порядок, про відповідність, про виконання планів. Незважаючи на тривале ігнорування проблем і питань відповідності вітчизняної медичної архітектури світовим стандартам, потужна і свого часу найкраща в світі "машина" продовжувала виконувати свої функції, інерційно рухаючись униз зі свого п'єдесталу. Але сьогодні, у 2021 році, ми шаленими темпами наближуємось до підніжжя нової "скелі", яка уособлює усі новітні досягнення в сфері охорони здоров'я і яку провідні країни світу поступово, крок за кроком, долали за допомогою довгострокового державного плану розвитку медицини та з проведенням періодичних реформ у медичній галузі.

Architecture is gradually changing along with the development of society, its changing perceptions of beauty, strength, usefulness, as well as the growing need for comfort, aesthetics, the ideal environment. For a long time, the architecture of health care facilities was perceived and, accordingly, mechanically designed exclusively as a kind of technically necessary shell to ensure the treatment of the impersonal mass of the population. This approach was due to the acute and rapid need for a quantitative supply of medical institutions to a large number of people in large areas. This is what happened in the last century in the post-Soviet countries - standard projects of medical institutions were "cloned" everywhere, which were integrated into the urban environment by huge industrial-panel arrays without regional, cultural and aesthetic connection with "genius loci" and urban context. Do we have the right to condemn this large-scale approach that prevailed in the twentieth century? No. At one time, he made it possible to resolve the important issues of providing medical care to the majority of the population of the Soviet Union. Thanks to the massive and economic industrial design and construction approach, Ukraine has received an extensive urban network of various health care facilities, which continue to perform their functions, accepting the harsh challenges and trials of global pandemics and epidemics. The main problem is that with the acquisition of sovereignty in Ukraine began protracted political-oligarchic clan "internecine wars", which for decades froze attention to improving, modernizing, updating and developing the architecture of health care facilities. A significant part of Ukrainian hospitals is in a condition that not only does not meet sanitary and other requirements, but even threatens the health and lives of patients and staff. But it is not customary to talk about it. The Soviet mentality, enshrined in our subconscious, forces everyone in their place to report on the order, on compliance, on the implementation of plans. Despite the long-standing disregard for the problems and issues of compliance of domestic medical architecture with world standards, the powerful and once the world's best "machine" continued to perform its functions, inertially moving down from its pedestal. But today, in 2021, we are frantically approaching the foot of the new "rock", which embodies all the latest advances in health care and which the world's leading countries have gradually, step by step, overcome with long-term state plan for the development of medicine and with periodic reforms in the medical field. ; Архітектура поступово змінюється разом із розвитком суспільства, його мінливими уявленнями про красу, міцність, користь, а також зростаючою потребою у комфорті, естетиці, ідеальному оточені. Тривалий час архітектура закладів сфери охорони здоров'я сприймалась і, відповідно, механічно проектувалась виключно як своєрідна технічно необхідна оболонка для забезпечення процесів лікування знеособленої маси населення. Такий підхід був зумовлений гострою та швидкою потребою у кількісному забезпечені лікувальними закладами великої кількості населення на значних територіях. Зокрема так відбувалось у минулому сторіччі у пострадянських країнах - повсюдно "клонувались" типові проекти медичних закладів, які велетенськими індустріально-панельними масивами інтегрувались у міське середовище без регіональної, культурної та естетичної ув'язки з "genius loci" та міським контекстом. Чи маємо ми право засуджувати цей масштабний підхід, який панував у ХХ сторіччі? Ні. У свій час він дозволив вирішити край важливі питання забезпечення медичною допомогою більшості населення Радянського Союзу. Завдяки масовому та економічному індустріальному проектно-будівельному підходу Україна отримала розгалужену містобудівну мережу різноманітних закладів охорони здоров'я, які і сьогодні продовжують виконувати свої функції, приймають жорстві виклики та випробування світових пандемій та епідемій. Основна проблема полягає в тому, що з набуттям суверенітету в Україні почалися затяжні політико-олігархічні кланові "міжусобні війни", які на десятиріччя заморозили увагу до вдосконалення, модернізації, оновлення та розвитку архітектури закладів охорони здоров'я. Значна частина українських лікарень опинилася у стані, якій не тільки не відповідає санітарно-гігієнічним та іншим вимогам, але навіть загрожує здоров'ю та життю пацієнтів та персоналу. Але про це не прийнято говорити. Радянський менталітет, прописаний у нашу підсвідомість, вимушує кожного на своєму місці звітувати про порядок, про відповідність, про виконання планів. Незважаючи на тривале ігнорування проблем і питань відповідності вітчизняної медичної архітектури світовим стандартам, потужна і свого часу найкраща в світі "машина" продовжувала виконувати свої функції, інерційно рухаючись униз зі свого п'єдесталу. Але сьогодні, у 2021 році, ми шаленими темпами наближуємось до підніжжя нової "скелі", яка уособлює усі новітні досягнення в сфері охорони здоров'я і яку провідні країни світу поступово, крок за кроком, долали за допомогою довгострокового державного плану розвитку медицини та з проведенням періодичних реформ у медичній галузі.

"The article explores ways of analyzing torture from a comparative perspective, using analytical instruments informed by the sociology of the body. The focus is on relations between torture practices, body knowledge, and body images. Three different ways of approaching the body by torture are distinguished: firstly, the direct infliction of violence as painful manipulation (examples being electric shocks or the Spanish Gaiter), secondly, the deprivation of vital inputs or intakes on which the body depends (like the restriction of air supply or the withholding of food), and thirdly, the subjection of the immobilized body to its own functions (for example by stress positions or the refusal of sanitary facilities). These three modes of torture practices are each connected to specific body images, this is, to generalized ways of viewing the human body, and to specific realms of body knowledge, this is, to specific arsenals of knowledge about the body, which are employed, modified and constructed in the practical actions of torture situations. It is argued that the differences as well as the similarities between specific cases of torture can be better understood by taking into account not only the actual torture practices themselves, but also their interconnectedness with body knowledge and body images the latter two aspects being fundamental for the ways in which torturers approach their victim and extort information by tormenting her or his body." (author's abstract)

Introduction: Food must be accessible in sufficient quantity, on a regular and permanent basis, totally free and with good food handling practices. Objective: Thus, the objective of this study was to diagnose hygienic and sanitary conditions of the feeding and nutrition units of preschools in Palmeira das Missões – Rio Grande do Sul state. Method: This work is a research with a cross-qualitative-quantitative approach. Data were collected through observation and application in situ of a selection list in good practices of the Collaborating Center of Food and School Nutrition in seven municipal schools of early childhood education. Results: The average of the general good practice percentage of the evaluated schools was 31.5 ± 4.3%. The category 'Buildings' and facilities of the food preparation area obtained the highest percentage of adequacy, 50.5 ± 13.5%. On the other hand, the 'Receiving' block had the lowest adequacy index. Conclusions: These results demonstrate the importance of accompanying the elaboration, preparation and manipulation of school feeding as well as the physical structure of the places, in order to improve the food supply and consumption of students. ; Introdução: A alimentação deve ser acessível em quantidade suficiente, de modo regular e permanente, baseada totalmente nas boas práticas de manipulação dos alimentos. Objetivo: Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi diagnosticar as condições higiênico-sanitárias das unidades de alimentação e nutrição de escolas de educação infantil de Palmeira das Missões-RS. Método: Este trabalho trata-se de uma pesquisa com abordagem transversal quali-quantitativa. A coleta de dados ocorreu por meio da observação e aplicação in loco de uma lista de verificação em boas práticas do Centro Colaborador em Alimentação e Nutrição Escolar em sete escolas municipais de educação infantil. Resultados: A média do percentual de adequação geral em boas práticas das escolas avaliadas foi de 31,5 ± 4,3%. A categoria Edifícios e instalações da área de preparo de alimentos obteve o maior percentual de adequação com 50,5 ± 13,5%. Por outro lado, o bloco Recebimento obteve o menor índice de adequação. Conclusões: Esses resultados demonstram a importância do acompanhamento frente à elaboração, preparo e manipulação da alimentação escolar, bem como a estrutura física dos locais, no intuito de melhorar as condições higiênico-sanitárias da alimentação escolar ofertada aos alunos.

The ancient civilizations that had prospered on the Greek territory since 3000 BC had a great contribution to philosophy, politics, physical sciences and arts. Several technical works were constructed during that period to support the infrastructure needs of those spiritually developed societies. Particularly, the hydraulic works were very important, because of the: (a) advanced technologies that had been used, (b) high standards of life that served and (c) sustainable water management practices that the designers adopted. These works supported the water supply, the drainage of the lands and the cities, the flood protection, the sanitary facilities and sometimes the use of water for recreational purposes. Several simple (cisterns, wells, aqueducts) or more advanced (dams, tunnels, siphons) hydraulic structures have been found, spread all over the wider Ancient Greek territory. Their presence reveals that ancient Greeks wisely resolved several problems concerning water that modern societies still have to face up. In this study, a web based application is presented, for the inspection of available information about the hydraulics works in Ancient Greece. The application includes the necessary informatics tools to manipulate and analyze the various information types and make the information available on the internet. Information includes technical characteristics of the structures, drawings, maps, texts, papers, studies, photos, videos etc. The main purposes of the application are the easy access to available information and the facilitation of its analysis. The latter can be achieved by using a Database and a Geographical Information System, to perform queries or to make maps.

1. Introduction: African Secondary City Food Systems in Context -- Part 1: Food System Actors, Concepts and Governance -- 2. Understanding Secondary City Typologies: A Food Governance Lens -- 3. Practice Theory and Informal Urban Livelihoods in M'Bour, Senegal: A Case Study of Urban Cultivation -- 4. Co-Productive Urban Planning: Protecting and Expanding Food Security in Uganda's Secondary Cities -- 5. The Role of the Informal Sector in Epworth's Food System, Zimbabwe -- 6. The Enabling Environment for Informal Food Traders in Nigeria's Secondary Cities -- 7. Secondary Cities and Urban Agriculture in Sub-Saharan Africa -- Part 2: Food Security, Poverty & Livelihoods -- 8. Spatial Characteristics of Urban Food Systems and Food Retailers in Smaller Urban Areas -- 9. Food Insecurity, Food Sourcing and Food Coping Strategies in the O-O-O Urban Corridor, Namibia -- 10. Analysing Diet Composition and Food Insecurity by Socio-Economic Status in Secondary African Cities -- 11. Household Dietary Patterns and Food Security Challenges in Peri-Urban South Africa: A Reflection of High Unemployment in the Wake of Rising Food Prices -- 12. "We eat everyday but I'm perpetually hungry": Interrogating Food System Transformation and (Forced) Dietary Changes in Tamale, Ghana -- 13. Understanding Food Security and Hunger in Xai-Xai, Mozambique -- Part 3: Environments, Linkages and Mobilities -- 14. Hunger in an Agricultural City: Exploring Vulnerability in Dschang, Cameroon -- 15. Non-Timber Forest Products in Cameroon's Food System and the Impact of Climate Change on Food Security in Dschang -- 16. Accessibility of Sanitary Facilities Among Food Sellers in African Secondary Cities: Implications for Food Safety and Urban Planning Policies -- 17. Migrant Remittances and Household Food Security in Mzuzu, Malawi -- 18. Rural-Urban Migrants in Mzuzu's Informal Food Trading System -- 19. Rent as Ransom: Lodging and Food Security in Gweru, Zimbabwe. .

The nexus between living conditions and health has been a debatable issue for many decades. The dismal living conditions in Nigeria cities have become topical in recent times. It is worrisome how many urban Nigerians dwell in shacks, dilapidated and substandard houses, with varying degrees of filth and degradation within the neighborhood. Reports have indicated that more than 1 billion people worldwide live in urban slum and these slum dwellers are exposed to health risk due to poverty or lack of access to necessary resources for healthy living. Due to the challenge of poverty and economic crises ravaging the third world nations among which is Nigeria, the number of slum settlements and slum dwellers is expected to grow further. The living conditions of slum dwellers are characterized by overcrowding, insecure tenure, and poor access to infrastructure, such as sanitary facilities. The latter has a considerable impact on the health of the inhabitants. In line with the ongoing concern of the urban slum conditions and slum dwellers wellbeing, this study took a personal observation approach and secondary reports view of the experiences and health situation of urban slum dwellers in Lagos State. The focus of the study was specifically Makoko which is one of the urban slums in Lagos Mainland Local Government in Lagos State. According to findings in this Paper, almost 27% of the people in Lagos Mainland Local Government live in this urban slum, and many of them faced high health risk. The study also discovered that among other factors, income and cultural factors took the leading roles in the decision to live in a slum settlement.

The technical passport for the X-ray room in accordance with the current sanitary legislation is a mandatory document certifying the technical condition of X-ray diagnostic equipment, devices for developing, fixing and drying X-ray films, additional equipment and accessories for performing special types of X-ray diagnostics, means of protection against ionizing radiation of workplaces of the office staff and adjacent to the office of the premises and confirming the compliance of their characteristics with the normative and technical documentation and domestic standards. The purpose of this work was to assess the relevance and necessity of issuing a technical passport for the X-ray room and to coordinate the project of the X-ray room with the X-ray department in the light of the current sanitary legislation. Registration of a technical passport by organizations that have special permits for these types of work, and not only by the X-ray and radiological department, would increase the legal value of the technical passport. The information contained in the technical passport is duplicated in the rest of the documentation for the X-ray room, the requirements for which are enshrined in the sanitary legislation, which generally casts doubt on the need for a technical passport as a mandatory document. ; Технический паспорт на рентгеновский кабинет, согласно действующему санитарному законодательству, является обязательным документом, удостоверяющим техническое состояние рентгенодиагностической аппаратуры, устройств для проявления, фиксирования и сушки рентгеновских пленок, дополнительного оборудования и принадлежностей для осуществления специальных видов рентгенодиагностики, средств защиты от ионизирующего излучения рабочих мест персонала кабинета и примыкающих к кабинету помещений и подтверждающим соответствие их характеристик нормативно-технической документации и отечественным стандартам. Целью настоящей работы являлась оценка актуальности и необходимости оформления технического паспорта на рентгеновский кабинет и согласование проекта рентгеновского кабинета с рентгенорадиологическим отделением в свете действующего санитарного законодательства. Оформление технического паспорта организациями, имеющими специальные разрешения на данные виды работ, а не только рентгенорадиологическим отделением, повысило бы юридическую ценность технического паспорта. Информация, содержащаяся в техническом паспорте, дублируется в остальной документации на рентгеновский кабинет, требования к которой закреплены в санитарном законодательстве, что, в целом, ставит под сомнение необходимость технического паспорта как обязательного документа.

This research presents the development of a methodology for determining the most suitable floating offshore wind farm locations for the northern coast of Scotland, through the application of multi-attribute decision-analysis. A large area off the northern coast of Scotland is defined and separated into coordinate grids. The environmental, logistical and facilities factors are first analysed in order to remove sites that fall within restricted areas. Following this, data is gathered for the remaining sites in terms of a set of Logistics, Facilities & Environmental, and Met-Ocean criteria. The logistical criterion consists of such factors as, depth, distance to ports and distance to substations. The Met-ocean criterion provides a data analysis of the wind, wave, tidal and current conditions of each site between 2011 and 2016, and the Facilities & Environmental criterion analyses the proximity of the sites to such criteria as Marine Protection Areas, Special Areas of Conservation, military training areas and subsea facilities. The compiled data is then applied to a Multiple Attribute Decision Analysis (MADA) algorithm which aggregates the data for each site and produces a utility ranking in order to determine the most suitable site for floating offshore wind. Validation is conducted through benchmark testing and correlation with government survey sites.

By the end of the First World War, the value of blood transfusion was widely recognized, but it was not until the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) that large civilian blood donor organizations were created to provide preserved (citrated) blood for transfusion, for both civilian and military patients. Indirect transfusion techniques were developed to administer this blood, with easy-to-use instruments, capable of being carried out anywhere and by any medical personnel with experience in the administration of intravenous injections. Efficient transportation and distribution systems were also established in order to adequately supply the sanitary facilities that served the moving battle fronts. This pioneering work enabled the creation, for the first time in history, of military blood transfusion services. While this was the case for both the insurgent (Nationalist) forces and those of the Spanish Republican Government, it is the latter that forms the focus of this particular study. This is made possible by the publications of Catalan hematologist Frederic Duran Jordà, creator and director of the Republican Blood Transfusion Service, who details the techniques and procedures developed during the war for the collection, testing, distribution and transfusion of blood. Further insight - especially with regard to the practical application of front-line transfusion - can be gleaned from the various writings of Dr Reginald Saxton, British volunteer with the RepublicanSanidad Militar. It is the intention, here, to demonstrate that the British authorities benefitted greatly from the Spanish experience in the development of plans for transfusion services that would prove crucial in treating civilian and military casualties during World War II (1939-1945). Frederic Duran Jordà, and Reginald Saxton were key advisers, together with others returning from Spain, including renowned British hematologist, Janet Vaughan. Moreover, the principles developed in Spain (1936-39) for delivery of military blood transfusion practice still ...

AbstractOn-site small-scale sanitation is common in rural areas and areas without infrastructure, but the treatment of the collected fecal matter can be inefficient and is seldom directed to resource recovery. The aim of this study was to compare low-technology solutions such as composting and lactic acid fermentation (LAF) followed by vermicomposting in terms of treatment efficiency, potential human and environmental risks, and stabilization of the material for reuse in agriculture. A specific and novel focus of the study was the fate of native pharmaceutical compounds in the fecal matter. Composting, with and without the addition of biochar, was monitored by temperature and CO2production and compared with LAF. All treatments were run at three different ambient temperatures (7, 20, and 38°C) and followed by vermicomposting at room temperature. Materials resulting from composting and LAF were analyzed for fecal indicators, physicochemical characteristics, and residues of ten commonly used pharmaceuticals and compared to the initial substrate. Vermicomposting was used as secondary treatment and assessed by enumeration ofEscherichia coli, worm density, and physicochemical characteristics. Composting at 38°C induced the highest microbial activity and resulted in better stability of the treated material, higher N content, lower numbers of fecal indicators, and less pharmaceutical compounds as compared to LAF. Even though analysis of pH after LAF suggested incomplete fermentation,E. colicell numbers were significantly lower in all LAF treatments compared to composting at 7°C, and some of the anionic pharmaceutical compounds were detected in lower concentrations. The addition of approximately 5 vol % biochar to the composting did not yield significant differences in measured parameters. Vermicomposting further stabilized the material, and the treatments previously composted at 7°C and 20°C had the highest worm density. These results suggest that in small-scale decentralized sanitary facilities, the ambient temperatures can significantly influence the treatment and the options for safe reuse of the material.

Intestinal parasitic infections are more prevalent among the poor sections of population. They are closely associated with low household income, poor personal and environmental sanitation, overcrowding, limitation and access to portable clean water, tropical climate and low altitude. Intestinal parasitic infections are the top global health problems whereas Ascariasis, hookworm, Trichiuriasis infections and Amoebiasis are among ten most common infections. The purpose of this study was to access the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection among school children aged 5-12 years in Community Primary School Gure, Khana Local Government Area, Rivers State, Nigeria. This study was undertaken in Gure community from January to June, 2019. A total of 100 stool samples were randomly obtained using standard procedures and examined for the presence of parasites. The population for this study was children between 5-12years. A formal consent was obtained from the parents of each child/ward. The laboratory techniques involved aseptic collection of stool samples following standard quality procedure. Simple percentage was used for statistical analysis. Out of the total number examined, 10(10%) were found to be infected with one or more of the intestinal parasites. It also showed that out of the 10 positive samples, Ascaris lumbricoides was the most predominant:9(90%) and Trichuris trichiura was the least prevalence: 1(10%) Also, male children were more infected than the female children with 6(60%) and 4(40%) respectively. Statistically, it shows that 8(80%) of 5-8yearschildren were infected and 2(20%) of 9-I2years children were also infected. Furthermore, intestinal parasitic infection was more prevalent in primary 1 3(30%), followed by primary 2 & 4 2(20%) and primary 3, 5 & 6 had the least prevalence1 (10%). Intestinal parasite is highly prevalent in this study area. The study concluded that provision of potable drinking water, adequate sanitary facilities, public education on personal hygiene and de-worming ...

Active participation of the girl child in development is hampered by Menstrual Hygiene Management (MHM) challenges. MHM is an important gender issue and a critical component in holistic human development. It affects about 25% of the global population aged between 15 and 49 years. Water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) interventions in schools have not prioritised MHM, thus exposing girls and the entire school community to health related hazards. The study explored knowledge, attitudes and community practices, and investigated the impact of religious and cultural beliefs on MHM and how they impact on the girl child in Masvingo district. The survey was largely qualitative and employed methodologies of document analysis, Focus Group Discussions (FGD) and structured interviews. Participants included four churches, 13 NGOs, eight government departments and 40 women. Findings revealed deeply embedded power relations, a culture of silence around MHM, noninvolvement of men in MHM issues, limited availability in terms of information, and a girl unfriendly infrastructure, and limited access to menstrual hygiene products due to poverty and poor management and disposal practices. Resultant effects ranged from poor class participation, lack of concentration and constrained interactions with peers and teachers, low self-esteem, anxiety and the general feeling of being discriminated against. Results confirmed the need for increased awareness initiatives on MHM in a bid to tackle inherent religious and cultural beliefs that are a barrier to effective holistic implementation of WASH interventions that empower women and girls. Lobbying government to provide an appropriate policy framework, education and training, construction of girl friendly sanitary facilities, exploring and capitalisation of local production of Reusable Menstrual Pads (RUMPS), more research targeting children living with disabilities, those living in refugee and makeshift camps and Orphans and Vulnerable Children (OVC), are some of the recommendations coming out of the study. ; https://doi.org/10.4102/jamba.v8i2.204

International audience This study examines the socio-spatial transformations in the city of Abidjan. The area concerned by the study is Adjahui-coube, a peninsula situated in the municipality of Port-Bouet between the airport Felix Houphouet-Boigny and the town of Kumasi. The study is based on the changes made to a site in full socio-spatial mutation. The objective set for this study is the analysis of socio-spatial transformations of this site houses a small village Ébrié become a dormitory town for many city dwellers. The methodology of the study was based on a satellite image processing, direct observation, interviews with community leaders and the administration of a questionnaire to a sample of 200 households residing on the site. The constitution of the sample of 200 households was made by a process purposive. The information collected by the questionnaire administration focuson the demographic and economic characteristics of residents of the site. Also, processing of satellite images taken from Google Earth has allowed the acquisition of information on the spatial parameters of the site. The study reveals a site rapid expansion which reduces more and more the space occupied by agricultural activities and natural wasteland. It should be noted that 84.50% of heads of households interviewed were of Ivorian nationality and 32% of heads of households are women. 74.50% of households work outside the municipality of Port-Bouet with the modern sector (39.50%), informal (37%) and liberal activities (20.50%). They certainly have incomes respecting the minimum wage (60 000 F CFA), but they mainly live in precarious housing type (houses built with recycled materials). However, these units have sanitary facilities (98% of households use latrines generally shared in the courtyard). ; Cette étude s'intéresse aux transformations socio-spatiales dans la ville d'Abidjan. L'espace concerné par l'étude est Adjahui-Coubé, une presqu'île de la commune de Port-Bouët située entre l'aéroport Félix Houphouët-Boigny et la commune ...

Taking as a whole, the quality of the drinking water distributed in France was improved thanks to curative and palliative solutions. However, the quality of the water resources used to produce the drinking water keep on deteriorating. The Water Framework Directive (WFD), aiming at a good state of the waters in 2015, constraints the managers of the water resources dedicated to human feeding to integrate regulatory injunctions (health, environmentalist, managerial) and structural imperatives (reassurance of supply), while taking into account economic issues (i.e. facilities rationalisation, cost sharing), political stakes (i.e. institutional, local) and social concerns (i.e. solidarity, acceptability of water price). Two rival managerial logics are facing these injunctions. This first one, based on the watershed, implies to position the Water Agencies at the centre of the planning and funding schemes of water policies. The second logic aims at reinforcing the Department (a French local authority) on these issues. These logics are fully part of a process which main consequences are the increase of the interdependence and co-responsibility of the multiple actors (public and private) involved in the steering of health and environment policies at the multiple levels of governance in Europe. The thesis developed here is that the heterogeneity –of the injunctions, issues and ways to articulate the managerial logics- leads to a reframing of the drinkable water governance, which this work proposes to describe and analyse. The sociological research device relies on a multi-level (i.e. national and the various levels of the French local authorities) understanding of the governance of the drinking water quality, emerging since the 2000s (WFD), and on the analysis of 6 cases: the legislative negotiations of the LEMA (2006), a Departement's management of the AEP process, a reframing of the AEP services during a health crisis, and the implementation of three devices of the drinking water preservation (legislative, experimental ...