Suchergebnisse

The Hungarian administrative law has been significantly impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. Several rules – which were introduced during the state of danger based on the epidemic situation – have been incorporated into the Hungarian legal system. The administrative procedural law has been influenced by the epidemic transformation. However, the rules on e-administration have not been reformed significantly (due to the digitalisation reforms of the last years), but the rules on administrative licenses and permissions have been amended. The priority of the general Code on Administrative Procedure has been weakened: a new, simplified procedure and regime have been introduced. The results of these reforms became obvious in 2021: the number of administrative cases has been decreased. Even the decision-making of the central government bodies has been transformed partially, a trend of "militarisation" can be observed, as well. The local self-governance has been impacted by the reforms. The transformation has had two opposite trends. On the one hand, the Hungarian administrative system became more centralised during the last year: municipal revenues and task performance have been partly centralised. The Hungarian municipal system has been concentrated, as well. On the other hand, the municipalities could be interpreted as a "trash can" of the Hungarian public administration: they received new, mainly unpopular competences on the restrictions related to the pandemic. This approach transformed in the last months, and even several unpopular decisions were recentralised. Although, these changes have been related to the current epidemic situation, but it seems, that the "legislative background" of the pandemic offered an opportunity to the central government to pass significant and reforms.

The global burden of malnutrition is unacceptably high. Animal-source foods are important components of diverse diets and provide high-quality proteins and other essential nutrients that promote optimal growth and development. The global demand for animal-source foods is projected to increase substantially, particularly in many low- and lower-middle income countries (LMICs). However, cost is a significant barrier to access and meeting this growing demand through livestock production will be highly resource intensive. As such, sustainable, high-quality alternatives to protein from livestock have the potential for significant transformative impact for both people and the planet. Through a process known as fermentation-based cellular agriculture, animal proteins found in milk and eggs can be produced without animals. According to this method, a gene encoded with an animal protein is introduced into a starter culture of microflora (e.g., fungi or yeast). This culture is grown in controlled fermentation tanks, where it expresses the desired protein. Finally, the protein is separated from the microflora, generally producing a purified protein powder. These resulting "cultured" proteins are designed to be identical to the corresponding animal-source proteins produced through traditional livestock farming and can be used as ingredients in existing or new food products. Although there are many potential sustainability and nutritionrelated benefits of these innovations, they also face several challenges to commercialization and market uptake. This report assesses the current policy and regulatory environment for cultured proteins and their potential applicability in LMIC settings. Specifically, this report focuses on geographies where cultured proteins may be produced, procured, and/or consumed: the United States, the European Union, and two select LMICs (Ethiopia and India). ; IFPRI5; 1 Fostering Climate-Resilient and Sustainable Food Supply; CRP5; Alternate Proteins ; EPTD ; Non-PR ; CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE)

ABSTRACT  In Western Europe, the rail freight industry is presently being liberalised, and many of the new intermodal services involve cooperation between various actors, including the port authorities, shipping lines, port terminal operators, and logistics providers. These cooperative relations are presently multiplying as the actors seek to position themselves in a partially deregulated rail freight environment. The objective of this paper is to understand the roles played by the different actors and the forms of cooperation that are necessary to mount intermodal rail services. The authors demonstrate that despite being bound by a common policy, a wide range of relationships between the actors has emerged. The new services have the potential to reinvigorate rail freight transport in Europe.

AbstractThis paper investigates how regulation impinged on the launch strategies of international pharmaceutical corporations for new molecules across the main OECD markets between 1960–2008. Comprehensive IMS data is used to analyze the international diffusion of 845 molecules from 14 different anatomic therapeutic categories using non‐parametric survival analysis. The paper focuses on two main regulatory changes that substantially reshaped the barriers to entry: the U.S. Hatch‐Waxman Act in 1984, and the establishment of the European Medicines Agency (EMA) in 1995. We find that legal transaction costs have a significant impact on timing of launch. Stringent market authorization requirements for new pharmaceutical products in the United States after 1962 resulted in a significant U.S. drug lag in the introduction of pharmaceutical innovation vis‐à‐vis Europe from 1960–1984. However, financial incentives stemming from the 1984 Hatch‐Waxman Act proved effective in closing this lag. A more streamlined EMA regulatory approval process has reduced barriers to entry in Europe, thereby enabling quicker diffusion of pharmaceutical products, yet a marked pattern of delay in the adoption of innovation is still evident due to local differences in pricing regulations. Any new molecule launch strategically takes place first in higher‐priced European Union (EU) markets as a result of the threat of arbitrage and price dependency across EU Member States.