Suchergebnisse

U.a. am Beispiel Rhodesiens wird die Wirksamkeit von Wirtschaftssanktionen zur Erreichung politischer Ziele erörtert: auf der Ebene der Regierung, die von den Sanktionen betroffen ist, des Staates, der sie verhängt und auf internationaler Ebene. (DÜI-Ker)

Reducing greenhouse gas emissions that are causing climate change requires the adoption of costly policies with often uncertain efficacy and distributional consequences. Because these emissions occur across sectors of the economy—electricity, transportation, and agriculture—and the built environment, and they require action at all levels of government—global, national, regional, and local—there is no single "silver-bullet" solution.

We analyze voter preferences for tariffs and production subsidies. The distribution of tax revenues argument shows that voters with high direct tax burdens prefer tariffs to subsidies. The uncertainty argument demonstrates that if actual tariff and subsidy rates are chosen from the set of individually optimal rates then the range of tariff rates is smaller than the range of subsidy rates. Thus, tariffs might be preferred even though they are less efficient. Finally, the large country argument shows that if a country is large then voters whose income shares decline with more protection prefer tariffs to subsidies.

The aim of the article is to determine the functions of spatial policy instruments and to determine the aspects in which a spatial policy instrument could be used. Analyses pertain to especially local plans of spatial management. The most important function is the protection of spatial order. Besides, spatial policy instruments could have other functions, connected with the environment, social policy or antique protection.