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Cover -- Half Title -- Endorsements -- Title -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Table of Contents -- List of Abbreviations -- 1 Introduction: The Interaction of Law, Technology and the Payment Services Market -- Prologue -- I. General Framework: Technology, Market and Institutional Change -- II. An Overview: The Interaction of Technology, Financial Services and Fraudulent Activities in the Payment Market -- A. Payment Process and Payment Services -- B. Technology and Provision of Payment Services: From Physical to Digital -- C. Technology and Fraud -- D. Legal Institutions on Payment Services and Fraud -- E. Summary -- III. Interested Parties in Adopting Payment Technology and Countering Fraud -- A. Regulators and Lawmakers -- B. Financial Institutions -- C. Telecommunication Firms and Internet Service Providers -- D. Other Technology Firms and Start-Ups -- E. End Users and Fraudsters -- IV. Map of the Book -- Reference -- 2 An Overview of the Evolution of Payment Services and Fraud -- I. Introduction -- II. Overview of Payment Instruments and Services -- A. Basic Scenario -- B. Cash: Coins and Notes -- C. Negotiable Instruments -- D. Card-Based Payment -- E. Wire or Inter-Bank Transfer -- F. Informal Money Transfer -- G. Electronic Payment Services -- H. Cryptocurrencies -- I. Obstacle to Cross-Border Payment -- J. Summary -- III. Payment Fraud: A Broad Overview -- A. Defining Fraud -- B. Why Is Fraud Wrong? -- C. Mechanics of Payment Fraud -- IV. Chapter Summary -- Reference -- 3 From Metal to Paper: Fraud Related to Cash Notes and Coins -- I. Introduction -- II. Cash Payment Fraud -- A. Producing Counterfeit Money -- B. Using Counterfeit Money -- III. Legal Institutions Against Cash Fraud -- A. Criminal Sanctions Related to the Production of Counterfeit Money -- 1. Criminal Sanctions for the Production of Counterfeit Money.

Testimony issued by the General Accounting Office with an abstract that begins "In some cases, Medicare pays significantly more for covered outpatient drugs than the actual costs to the physicians and pharmacy suppliers. Attempts to reduce these payments have been met with provider claims that overpayments for the drugs are needed to cover underpayments for administering or delivering them. Medicare's method for establishing drug payments is flawed. Medicare pays 95 percent of the average wholesale price (AWP), which, despite its name, is neither an average nor a price that wholesalers charge. Instead, it is a number that manufacturers derive using their own criteria. There are no requirements or conventions that AWP reflect the price of actual drug sales. Widely available purchase prices for drugs in 2001 were substantially below AWP. For both physician-billed drugs and pharmacy supplier-billed drugs, Medicare payments often far exceeded widely available prices. Physicians and pharmacy suppliers contend that the excess payments for covered drugs are necessary to offset what they claim are inappropriately low Medicare payments or no such payments for services related to the administration or delivery of these drugs. Although physicians receive an explicit payment for administering drugs, Medicare's payment policies for delivering pharmacy supplier-billed drugs and related equipment are uneven. Pharmacy suppliers billing Medicare receive a dispensing fee for one drug type--inhalation therapy drugs--but not for other covered drugs, such as infusion therapy or covered oral drugs. Other payers and purchasers, such as private health plans and the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), use different approaches to pay for or buy drugs that may be instructive for Medicare. In particular, VA uses the leverage from the volume of federal drug purchases to secure verifiable data on actual market transactions, and it uses the prices paid by manufacturers' best customers to set Federal Supply Schedule prices."

ABSTRACTThe concept of Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES) is gaining increasing attention among scholars as well as conservation and development practitioners. The premises of this innovative conservation approach are appealing: private land users, usually poorly motivated to protect nature on their land, will do so if they receive payments from environmental service buyers which cover part of the land users' opportunity costs of developing the land. However, this article warns against an over‐enthusiastic adoption of a one‐sided market‐based PES approach. Based on a field study of the Regional Integrated Silvopastoral Approaches to Ecosystem Management Project (RISEMP), one of the main PES pilot projects in Nicaragua, it suggests that a mixture of economic and non‐economic factors motivated farmers to adopt the envisaged silvopastoral practices and that the actual role of PES is mistakenly understood as a simple matter of financial incentives. The authors argue that PES approaches should be understood as a part of a broader process of local institutional transformation rather than as a market‐based alternative for allegedly ineffective government and/or community governance.

Testimony issued by the General Accounting Office with an abstract that begins "The pricing of Medicare's part B-covered prescription drugs--largely drugs that cannot be administered by patients themselves--has been under scrutiny for years. Most of the part B drugs with the highest Medicare payments and billing volume fall into three categories: those that are billed for by physicians and typically provided in a physician office setting, those that are billed for by pharmacy suppliers and administered through a durable medical equipment (DME) item, and those that are also billed by pharmacy suppliers but are patient-administered and covered explicitly by statute. Studies show that Medicare sometimes pays physicians and other providers significantly more than their actual costs for the drugs. In September 2000, the Health Care Financing Administration's (HCFA)--now the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services--took steps to reduce Medicare's payment for part B-covered drugs by authorizing Medicare carriers, the contractors that pay part B claims, to use prices obtained in the Justice Department investigations of providers' drug acquisition costs. HFCA retracted this authority in November 2000 after providers raised concerns. GAO found that Medicare's method for establishing drug payments is flawed. Medicare pays 95 percent of the average wholesale price (AWP), which, despite its name, may be neither an average nor what wholesalers charge. It is a price that manufacturers derive using their own criteria; there are no requirements or conventions that AWP reflect the price of any actual sale of drugs by a manufacturer. Manufacturers report AWPs to organizations that publish them in drug price compendia, and Medicare carriers that pay claims for part B drugs base providers' payments on the published AWPs. In 2001, widely available prices at which providers could purchase drugs were substantially below AWP, on which Medicare payments are based. For both physician-billed drugs and pharmacy supplier-billed drugs, Medicare payments often far exceeded widely available prices. Physicians and pharmacy suppliers contend that the excess payments for covered drugs are necessary to offset what they claim are inappropriately low or nonexistent Medicare payments for services related to these drugs. For delivery pharmacy supplier-billed drugs, Medicare's payment policies are uneven. Pharmacy suppliers billing Medicare receive a dispensing fee for one drug type--inhalation therapy drugs--but there are no similar payments for other DME-administered or oral drugs. Other payers and purchasers, such as health plans and the Department of Veterans Affairs, use different approaches to pay for or purchase drugs that may be instructive for Medicare. In general, they make use of the leverage from their volume and competition to secure better prices."

ABSTRACT Purpose: To analyze the behavior of the dividend distribution of publicly traded Brazilian companies according to the effects of the business cycles, comparing the stages of recovery, expansion, recession, and contraction (Schumpeter, 1935) with the stages of expansion and recession according to the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER). Originality/value: According to Schumpeter (1935), classifying the stages of the business cycle presents greater details to the NBER method because the four stages show different characteristics that are not observed when only the two stages of the NBER model are used. Design/methodology/approach: Information was collected from 243 publicly traded companies listed on the Brazilian Stock Exchange between 1997 and 2021 to achieve the research objective. Data were obtained from the Refinitiv database, using panel data regression models with random effects to analyze two hypotheses defined in this study. The hypotheses state that the behavior of the relationship between the payment of dividends and the stages of the NBER's bearish (high) business cycles is different from the recession and contraction stages (recovery and expansion), according to Schumpeter. Findings: The results indicated the non-rejection of the hypotheses, reinforcing the importance of the analysis of the four stages of the business cycles and complementary form by investors, analysts, managers, and other users when analyzing the payment of dividends by publicly held companies at the different levels of economic activity in the country.

Abstract

Research background
The development of innovative technologies has contributed to significant changes in the market for payment instruments. These changes have become a challenge for banks and have contributed to the continuous expansion of the products they offer, more technologically advanced, which will provide the customer with a high level of security. Banks, in order to meet customer expectations, are developing and improving the most popular distribution channels for their services, which are undoubtedly payment cards.


Purpose
The aim of the paper is to define and classify non-cash payment instruments in the Polish payment card market from 2009 to 2023, as well as to assess the trends of changes that may occur in the payment card market at the end of 2024 and in 2025.


Research methodology
A study of the payment card market in Poland was carried out, and the factors determining the development of non-cash payments were presented, as well as the directions of its future changes. Development trend (trend) models were used for the study, and then used to forecast the changes that will take place in the payment card market in Poland at the end of 2024 and in 2025.The analysis was carried out using the program STATISTICA 13.3.


Results
Bank customers are increasingly carrying out transactions using electronic payment instruments, the most common form of which are payment cards. The payment card is one of the better options for obtaining funds, as evidenced by the systematic annual increase in the number of such cards issued. The COVID-19 pandemic greatly affected the increase of payment card use in Poland.


Novelty
Further advances in technology will bring new solutions to the payment card market and at the same time develop the digital money market. The COVID-19 pandemic undoubtedly accelerated the payment needs and expectations of consumers, who are more willing to use digital technologies in the new reality. Banks, in turn, see modern technological solutions as achieving a competitive advantage in the market.