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Machine generated contents note: Introduction; 1. Paleo-Indians, Europeans, and the settlement of America; 2. Colonization and settlement of North America; 3. The Early Republic to 1860; 4. The creation of an industrial and urban society, 1860-1914; 5. The evolution of a modern population, 1914-1945; 6. Transitions: the baby boom and bust and the new new immigrants, 1945-1970; 7. A modern industrial society, 1970-2010

ABSTRACT
Paleo diets are both myths and manuals: they are myths of a lost golden age and utopian manuals for better bodies and a more perfect world. Paleo dieters believe that the human body is not adapted to civilization and reject modern ways of eating for foods that could have been hunted or gathered in the Paleolithic Era. Many of the estimated three million American Paleo dieters not only follow the dietary prescriptions, but also adopt the social, moral, and philosophical aspects of the Paleolithic way of life. The Paleo myth pathologizes the relationship between health and modernity, claiming that civilization has outpaced evolution and created a world hostile to human biology. Dieters believe that modern life has created a modern body hounded by false hungers, trapped in a fallen world, and overwhelmed by sadness, sickness, and stress. In turn, these diets promise that pre-agrarian or primitive living will restore the health and beauty enjoyed by our Paleolithic ancestors. Unlike earlier dreams of Lands of Plenty, Paleo diets promise refinement, paucity, and the instinctive recognition of natural pleasure. I argue that this mix of myth and manual creates a new type of embodied utopia in response to changing concepts and conditions of modernity.

The future of our climate is a primary concern not only at the human time scale but also at the geological time scale. At both time scales, modeling the climate system, estimating the climatic sensitivity from past climates or researching best analogs in the past are the most usual tools to predict what might be the future climate. Most of the time, paleoclimatologists feel that the last interglacial is a good candidate for our future warm climate. They study its stability and length that they compare to our pre sent interglacial. Limitations to such procedures have been stressed. In particular, a special attention must be care to the forcings of past climates (both insolation and C02, in particu lar) because they are important factors which shape the complex latitudinal distribution and seasonal cycle of the world climates. At least from the astronomical point of view the Eemian is not a good choice for the future of the Holocene. Better candidates would be around 400,000 YBP (isotopic stage 11) and even better around 2,000,000 YBP where interglacials lasted longer than during the middle Pleistocene. But first of all, it must be stressed that the orbital forcing for the present and next tens of thousands of years is almost unique, that the predicted C02 con- centration for the next centuries (and already the present ones) are unprecedented and finally that, according to our modeling results, the present Holocene interglacial will, most probably, last exceptionally long, with no counterpart over the last million years. Such a long duration is a very robust feature in our numerical experiments. It seems to be related to the pretty high value of CO 2 which lasts already since 10 kyr BP compensating for the declining astronomical forcing. In addition, our results show not only that the Holocene might last particularly long, but also that the sensitivity of our climate system to the green house gas forcing might be exacerbated. As a consequence, there is a threshold in the greenhouse gas concentration of about 700 ppmv beyond which the Greenland ice sheet melts in about 5000 years and does not recover before a few tens of thousands of years. Such results reinforce the need of limiting the greenhouse gas emissions from human activities as soon as possible. In Bel gium, in particular, one way of doing it efficiently is without any doubt by increasing the share of our electricity production from the nuclear sector. Scenarios for the next decades show clearly that this is unavoidable if Belgium is willing to meet its Kyoto target.

Cabarets are important places of sociability in the ancient mesopotamia. Beer is breathe and sold there to consumers. Beer, which is made from barley and then, in the first millennium, also based on dates, is the main alcoholic beverage; the texts attest to different sorts, qualities, colours, some of which are flavoured with spices and aromas. Drinking beer is a sign of civilisation. In the Gilgameš eppopée, Enkidu, a wild man, lives in steppe with the animals, treats the grass and boils the water of the rivers. When he arrives with men, he eat bread and drink beer. We know two songs for drinking, which excuse the benefits of beer. According to J.-J. Glassner, one of them was singled out for the opening of a cabaret. Cabarets are attested from the beginning of the second millennium, but may have existed for a longer period. There are at least two terms referring to beverage establishments: bīt sābîm and aštammum. Only the first one is taken into account here, for the time of the Paleo-babylonian era (the beginning of the second millennium), a period which offers the most abundant documentation on the issue. Its vocabulary will first be examined, before considering the references to these establishments in the official texts (laws and editions) and in the documentation of the practice, which highlight their various functions. ; International audience ; Cabarets are important places of sociability in the ancient mesopotamia. Beer is breathe and sold there to consumers. Beer, which is made from barley and then, in the first millennium, also based on dates, is the main alcoholic beverage; the texts attest to different sorts, qualities, colours, some of which are flavoured with spices and aromas. Drinking beer is a sign of civilisation. In the Gilgameš eppopée, Enkidu, a wild man, lives in steppe with the animals, treats the grass and boils the water of the rivers. When he arrives with men, he eat bread and drink beer. We know two songs for drinking, which excuse the benefits of beer. According to J.-J. Glassner, ...